Original Article
Aging
Mina Madadzadeh; Akbar Ahmadi Asoor; Majid Fallahi; Zahra Sharifi
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 741-748
Abstract
Background : The growing number of elderly people in the world has made them a special care provider. Caregivers of these people are more likely to experience problems like musculoskeletal disorders than other occupations. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of musculoskeletal complications ...
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Background : The growing number of elderly people in the world has made them a special care provider. Caregivers of these people are more likely to experience problems like musculoskeletal disorders than other occupations. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of musculoskeletal complications and its related factors among carers of nursing homes in Sabzevar in 1395.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the work status of 40 mothers and 15 parents of the nursing home in Sabzevar, which was responsible for moving and caring for the elderly, was conducted through a census And was evaluated using the REBA posture assessment tool and Nordic questionnaire in 1395. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19 and descriptive tests, t-test at a significant level of 0.05.Results: The mean of working experience in the subjects was 5 ± 1 year and the prevalence of total musculoskeletal disorders was 64%. The incidence and pain in different areas of the body were related to knees with 80% and then back 70% and wrist 52.5% and neck 42.5%, and knees 41.7%, waist 33.3% and wrists 3.8% respectively. Also, there was a significant correlation between sex and age with neck pain, age with back pain, type of work and resting activity with erythema score (P≤0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the condition of the nursing home staff of Sabzevar is poor. Therefore, by improving the level of awareness of patriarchs and mothers, their working status can be corrected.
Review article
Health and environment
Masoud Rismanchian; Karim Ebrahim; Zahra Ordudari
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 749-762
Abstract
Abstract: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a recent microextraction technique that was first developed by Assadi and et al. in 2006. This method is a very popular and benign sample-preparation technique. Fast, cost benefit, easy and fast operation, low consumption of organic solvents, ...
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Abstract: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a recent microextraction technique that was first developed by Assadi and et al. in 2006. This method is a very popular and benign sample-preparation technique. Fast, cost benefit, easy and fast operation, low consumption of organic solvents, high enrichment factor and short extraction time are the advantages of this technique. Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of analytes in to a micro-volume of extraction solvent is based on a ternary solvent system. Extraction solvent must be non polar, water immiscible and usually have higher density than water. Being polar and water miscible is often considered as a necessary feature for the disperser solvent. The present review study, aims at introducing basic principles of DLLME method, parameters affecting the extraction efficiency and finally evaluating the application of DLLME method in extraction hazardous material in work place. ...... ......... ..... ..... ..... ........ ........ .......... ........... ................ ..........
Original Article
Health and environment
Ali Assadi; Ali Alizadeh; mehran Mohammad Fazl; Jalil Nassiri; jamshid Moshiri
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 763-771
Abstract
Background: Due to the wide use of swimming pools and the necessity of maintaining the health of swimmers and controlling health issues, management and monitoring of such sites are necessary and necessary for compliance with established standards by competent authorities. The aim of this study was to ...
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Background: Due to the wide use of swimming pools and the necessity of maintaining the health of swimmers and controlling health issues, management and monitoring of such sites are necessary and necessary for compliance with established standards by competent authorities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and bacteriological indices of swimming pool water in Zanjan in 1995Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive-analytical and all of the active swimming pools were sampled during the summer and autumn seasons. Physical and chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, turbidity, residual free chlorine content, electrical conductivity, oxidation and regeneration potential (ORP) and bacteria including total coliforms and fecal coliforms, plate counting of heterotrophes, stool streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Pidmonas Aeroginosa was studiedResults: Among the microbial parameters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fecal coliforms, the plate count of heterotrophs was 64%, 26.9% and 12%, respectively, and were at an unsatisfactory level compared to the standard. This indicator was obtained for parameters of turbidity, water temperature, air, pH and free chlorine 98%, 94%, 88.9%, 79.6%, 41.7%, respectivelyConclusion: Physicochemical and bacterial parameters are in poor compliance with the national standard. Trainers instructors and managers of swimming pools are responsible for basically exploiting pools, implementing retraining courses for health inspectors, controlling routine operation and interventional parameters such as turbidity and temperature, and Effective on the disinfection process and the use of digital and up-to-date digital imaging devices has a significant impact on the water quality of the pools
Original Article
Epidemiology and Statistics
Amin Ataey; Elnaz Jafarvand
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 773-780
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground: Annually, about 1.5 million deaths occur due to tuberculosis in the world. The tenth grade is the global burden of diseases and it is expected to maintain its rank by 2020. On the other hand, information about the death and its causes are essential for assessing the health status ...
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ABSTRACTBackground: Annually, about 1.5 million deaths occur due to tuberculosis in the world. The tenth grade is the global burden of diseases and it is expected to maintain its rank by 2020. On the other hand, information about the death and its causes are essential for assessing the health status of the region and analyzing health plans and interventions.Materials and Methods: In this study, data from deaths in Iran from 2006 to 2010 published by the Ministry of Health was used. Death data from tuberculosis during the study period and mortality rates were determined based on age, sex, and residence, and the trend of mortality from tuberculosis was determined. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2016 software.Results: In total five years, 60.7% of deaths were related to males and 39.3% were females. The highest mortality rate was due to pulmonary tuberculosis with 87.7%. Also, death from tuberculosis in urban areas is more than rural areas. In terms of age, the highest number of deaths is in the age group above70 years.Discussion: The results of this study showed that the trend of death due to tuberculosis is decreasing, but this process is very slow. In order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, basic measures such as education, disease screening, early treatment should be taken into consideration.
Case report
Microbiology
Mahdi Abdollahi; Fateme Tashrifi; Bagher Moradi
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 781-785
Abstract
Background and purpose: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of important diseases that is endemic in some areas in iran. Leishmaniasis causes by leishmania parasite and can transmit by sand fly. The aim of this study was report of a cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis case caused by corticosteroid injection ...
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Background and purpose: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of important diseases that is endemic in some areas in iran. Leishmaniasis causes by leishmania parasite and can transmit by sand fly. The aim of this study was report of a cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis case caused by corticosteroid injection after incorrect microscopic diagnosis.Materials and methods: Patient was a 55 years old man who referred to the physician by a painful and wet papule on nose skin. The initial diagnosis of lupus was considered. Prednisone as a corticosteroid had been injected by physician and after a few months several painful nodular and papular lesions were appeared on patient's face, so that the simple cutaneous lishmaniasis became a Cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis. It should be noted that the immune system of patient was normal. The patient's hom is an endemic area of the disease and the patient's wounds can be suspected of contamination with leishmaniasis. For this purpose, the patient was introduced to the laboratory and Giemsa sampling and staining were carried out.Results : After sampling and microscopic examination leishman bodies were observed in the all samples of wounds. lishmaniasis was diagnosed and then systemic treatment with glucantime was initiated immediately.Conclusion : It is proposed that in negative clinical diagnosis, the microscopic exam and high sensitive standard molecular detection tests, such as quantitative and qualitative PCR can be useful.
Original Article
Psychology
Heidar Ali Zarei
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 787-792
Abstract
Background & Objectives: This study was performed to meta-analysis of available studies on the effectiveness of treatments and offer effective treatment for prisoners suffering from mental disorders. Materials & Methods: The research method was meta-analysis. The study population included all ...
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Background & Objectives: This study was performed to meta-analysis of available studies on the effectiveness of treatments and offer effective treatment for prisoners suffering from mental disorders. Materials & Methods: The research method was meta-analysis. The study population included all studies with experimental and quasi-experimental designs from 1991 to 2017 in 1124 cases was about the prisoners. 50 studies that had criteria for entering the meta-analysis were selected using a census method. Data collection was done through a researcher-made checklist. The calculation of effect size was done through index r by CMA2 software. Results: the effect size index of all studies according random effects model was t r=0.603 and cognitive therapy with the effect size of r=0.669 was evaluated as the most effective treatment method. Conclusion: In general, the use of therapeutic methods for the treatment of mental disorders in prisoners is effective and the effect of the Cohen classification is high.
Review article
Health Education
Davood Robatsarpooshi; Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany; Hadi Alizadeh Siuki; Nooshin Peyman
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 793-807
Abstract
Health literacy is seen as an important component of public health And for playing a key role in how people make decisions in the areas of health, community health promotion and high quality health care providers, policymakers have been concerned Given the importance of health literacy of individuals ...
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Health literacy is seen as an important component of public health And for playing a key role in how people make decisions in the areas of health, community health promotion and high quality health care providers, policymakers have been concerned Given the importance of health literacy of individuals and the role they have in promoting their own health and others This study was conducted to evaluate the health literacy studies in different groups in the country .In this article keyword health literacy, in the title and abstract of published papers in scientific databases were searched and all the articles in Farsi on the list of health literacy. The abstracts were reviewed and in several steps unbiased duplicates were eliminated and finally 34 articles that had been done only on health literacy for a comprehensive review and data extraction were selected.The results of this study show that the health literacy in different groups in our country is not desirable, therefore, should be considered coherent planning and efficient health policy
Original Article
immunology & Biochemistry
Mahboobeh Razmkhah; Parisa Karimzadeh; Fatemeh Eghbali; Somayeh Rezaeifard; Zahra Faghih
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 809-817
Abstract
Background: Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are a group of diverse glycoproteins which induce and regulate proliferation and differentiation of hematogenic progenitors in the bone marrow. However, increasing evidence also shows that these factors can also affect and provoke proliferation of non-hematopoietic ...
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Background: Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are a group of diverse glycoproteins which induce and regulate proliferation and differentiation of hematogenic progenitors in the bone marrow. However, increasing evidence also shows that these factors can also affect and provoke proliferation of non-hematopoietic cells including tumor cells. Therefore, we assessed Granulocyte (G-CSF), Monocyte (M-CSF) and Granulocyte-Monocyte (GM-CSF) colony stimulating factors the serum of breast cancer (BC) and their association with pathological and paraclinical factors of the disease.Materials and Methods: Sixty-two untreated patients with BC as well as 54 age-sex matched controls without any history of cancer and autoimmunity in themselves and their first degree relatives were enrolled. After assigning a consent form, 5 milliliters of peripheral blood were obtained and their serums were separated. The levels of growth factors were then checked by cytokine bead array methods. The data were analyzed by SPSS18 and P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant.Results: The mean expression of G-CSF, M-CSF and GM-CSF was measured to be 14.18 ± 13.61, 6.11 ± 5.62 and 63.48 ±83.22 in the serum of BC patients, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between patients and controls (P>0.05), further analysis revealed that with increase in the stage of disease from I to III, the serum level of GM-CSF significantly elevated (P=0.016).Conclusion: The results collectively suggest an anti-tumorigenic role for GM-CSF in breast cancer, however, it needs to be confirmed in a more comprehensive studies with more sample size.
Original Article
Psychology
Samereh Asadi Majreh; Bahman Akbari
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 819-828
Abstract
Background and Aim: The spread of violence and aggression in Iranian society, especially in recent years, is one of the most serious social harm. The present study aimed to determine a structural model for aggression based on the emotion regulation, alexithymia, impulsivity and sensation seeking in students.Materials ...
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Background and Aim: The spread of violence and aggression in Iranian society, especially in recent years, is one of the most serious social harm. The present study aimed to determine a structural model for aggression based on the emotion regulation, alexithymia, impulsivity and sensation seeking in students.Materials and Methods: The method of this research is descriptive and the research design is correlation of the type of structural equation modeling. Sample of the research includes 210 students (136 girls and 74 boys) from the Islamic Azad University of Rasht in the second semester in 1391-97 year that They were selected by cluster sampling method and completed aggression questionnaire (AQ), emotional dysregulation scale (DERS), Baret's impulsivity questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TASS), and Zuckerman's sensation seeking Scale. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive indexes, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.Results: The results of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, alexithymia and sensation seeking with aggression in students (P
Review article
Pediatric
Ashraf Saber; Najmeh Tehranain; Shiva Pourali Roudbaneh; Matin Sadat Esmailzade
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 829-844
Abstract
Background: Adipose tissue communicates with other central organs and the environment through the synthesis and release of substances called adipokines. Visfatin is an adipocytokine and a polyotropic protein whose function acts not only as an enzyme, but as an adipocytokine, a growth factor, and cytokine ...
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Background: Adipose tissue communicates with other central organs and the environment through the synthesis and release of substances called adipokines. Visfatin is an adipocytokine and a polyotropic protein whose function acts not only as an enzyme, but as an adipocytokine, a growth factor, and cytokine as well. Over the past few years, new roles have emerged for visfatin in terms of fertility and reproduction. The purpose of the present study is to summarize the current knowledge on this subject.Methods: In the present study, 137 full-text and short articles were obtained and reviewed through the electronic search by entering the relevant key words in Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Google scholar, Google published from 1993 to 2016.Results: The results of several studies support the strong association of visfatin with insulin resistance-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and PCOD. In addition, with the deviation of embryo development from its natural course (embryo growth limitation and macrosomia), the initiation of labor is associated with sexual maturation (spermatogenesis) in males and the increase in the number and quality of oocytes in people with PCOD undergoing Infertility treatment through stimulating inflammatory responses.Conclusion: The results of this review report confirm the role of visfatin in fertility and reproduction. Further research to understand the relationship between visfatin and fertility disorders and pregnancy complications is needed in order to find possible medical treatments.
Original Article
Health Education
Ali Mehri; Gholamreza Garmaroudi; Azam Sadat Razavi; Ebrahim Hajizadeh; Masoumeh Hashemian; Mahnaz Solhi
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 845-852
Abstract
This study aimed to design and assess a comprehensive questionnaire about the violence against women in an Iranian population.Materials and Methods:This study was a sequential exploratory mixed method.. According to the results of the qualitative Research and the revising of texts ,the primitive instruments ...
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This study aimed to design and assess a comprehensive questionnaire about the violence against women in an Iranian population.Materials and Methods:This study was a sequential exploratory mixed method.. According to the results of the qualitative Research and the revising of texts ,the primitive instruments were designed. Face validity ,content validity (by measuring content validity toward content validity index)and construct validity(by analysis of exploratory factor) were used to determine the validity of instruments and therefore internal consistency and test-retest method were used to determine reliability of instruments.In face validity 7items were excluded due to a score less than 1.5.In content validity by taking the 0.79 cut-off point to assess content validity index and 0.59 cut-off point to 34 items were elimented. And thus the number of items reduced to 58. validity by exploratory factor analysis was performed. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a six-factor model items including: Social factors undermining family stability, unhealthy life skills of couples, improper and insufficient teachings to couples , unhealthy treating of wives toward their husbands, Family support paradox, immediacy. These six factors explained 75% of variance violence against women. therefore internal consistency and test-retest method were used to determine reliability of instruments(α=0.987), (ICC=0.992).Considering that all validity and reliability indexes of the questionnaire are reported in an appropriate level, violence against women’ questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable questionnaire in measuring domestic violence in Iranian married men. However ,future research is recommended to evaluate usability of the study in other cultural settings.
Review article
Epidemiology and Statistics
Maryam Askari; Mohammad hassan Lotfi; Mohammad bagher Owlia; Hossain Fallahzadeh; Masoud Mohammadi
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 854-863
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, due to which the fractures result in huge economic and social costs every year for the health system of the country and the people, therefore, the present study was conducted to review the risk factors for osteoporosis.Materials ...
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Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, due to which the fractures result in huge economic and social costs every year for the health system of the country and the people, therefore, the present study was conducted to review the risk factors for osteoporosis.Materials and Methods: The present article is a narrative review in which articles published in Persian and English at the Google scholar, SID, PubMed, and Science Direct databases from 2000 to 2016 using key words of osteoporosis, Bone density, Risk factor, Bone Mineral Density, Age, Sex, BMI and Menopause.Results: In the study of 19 articles in this study, the most important risk factors for osteoporosis were odds ratio, the age of 60 years old 22.9(19), body mass index (BMI) less than 25, 4.2 (22), inactivity Physical exercise 2.1 (20) and exercise less than 3 hours 2.8 (21), the number of deliveries more than 3 times 2.1 (22), hookah consumption 12.7 (20) and menopause 29.6 (23), Low dairy consumption was 34.2 (23), family history of 2.3 (23), Use of glucocorticoids 3.6 (22).Conclusion: The most important risk factors for osteoporosis mentioned in the studies related to the lifestyle, Therefore, health programs, attention to nutrition and physical activity from childhood and adolescence should be considered by health policy-makers.
Original Article
Psychology
Hasan Mollanorouzi; Ali Issazadegan; Esmaeal soleymany
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 865-873
Abstract
AbstractBackground and purpuse: The purpose of the present study is to compare the Adlerian Treatment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on reducing symptoms in students suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)Materials and methodology: The current research was conducted using a semi-experimental ...
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AbstractBackground and purpuse: The purpose of the present study is to compare the Adlerian Treatment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on reducing symptoms in students suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)Materials and methodology: The current research was conducted using a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test design with follow-up process. Among the students who referred to the counseling centers of the Universities in Neyshabour, 45 subjects who had the criteria for generalized anxiety were in 1395 selected available sampling and randomly assigned to three Adlerian, Cognitive-Behavioral, and control groups (15 subjects in each group). The data were collected through State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and then were analyzed using software spss mixed Variance Analysis, two-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and one-way Analysis of Covariance.Findings: There was no significant difference demonstrated between Adlerian and Cognitive-Behavioral groups in terms of reducing the severity of symptoms in students with generalized anxiety that experienced these two treatments (P> 0.05). there was no significant difference observed with cognitive behavioral group statistically. On the other hand, the Adlerian intervention had a significant effect on reducing the severity of symptoms in students suffering from generalized anxiety (P 0.05).ConclusionAccording to the results, it can be argued that Adlerian treatment is more effective than Cognitive-Behavioral approach in reducing the severity of symptoms in students with general anxiety; the Adlerian treatment was indicated to be more stable.
Original Article
Nursing
Seyed Mehdi Saadati; Abdolhosein Emamisigaroudi; mino mitra chehrzad; ehsan kazem nezhad lili
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 875-883
Abstract
Introduction and objective: Clinical competency is very important in order to maintain power and authority to carry out nursing activities.This study aimed to compare the pediatric nursing clinical competency from the viewpoints of nurses and headnurses in pediatric educational therapeutic center in ...
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Introduction and objective: Clinical competency is very important in order to maintain power and authority to carry out nursing activities.This study aimed to compare the pediatric nursing clinical competency from the viewpoints of nurses and headnurses in pediatric educational therapeutic center in Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2017-18.Methods: This is a cross – sectional, descriptive analytical study in which all nurses and headnurses employed in pediatric wards of hospital affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected by census method. Data were collected by demographic tools and Liu standardized questionnaire, namely the competency inventory for registered nurses, (CRIN) and specific pediatric questionnaire designed by researchet to evaluate of pediatric nursing competency. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver 16, and descriptive and interfrential statistics. Result: .The mean score of self assessment of general clinical competence from nurses’ viewpoint was 170.88±16.31 and headnurses’ was (159.47±20.91) and mean score of specific clinical competence of nurses and headnurses were (78.47±10.41) and (74.22±11.59) repectively. There was significant relationship between variables such as age, marital status, employment status, level of education and interest in nursing profession and clinical competence (P≤0.05).Conclusion: Results showed that the mean score of general and specific clinical competence of nurses was higher than headnurses’ mean score. Clinical competence was satisfactory from the viewpoints of nurses and headnurses and periodic assessment of the level of clinical competence was conducted by nursing managers to promote clinical skills
Original Article
Anatomy, Histologyو Embryology
Behrooz Yahyaei; Mahnaz Nouri; Maedeh Ramezani
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 885-894
Abstract
Introduction:Today the anabolic steroids, widely used but side effects aren’t wellknown, this research aimed to study the effects of anabolic steroids Bulednon with aerobic training on cerebellar tissue changes of male Wistar rat have been made during 2016.Methods: This study was conducted on mice ...
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Introduction:Today the anabolic steroids, widely used but side effects aren’t wellknown, this research aimed to study the effects of anabolic steroids Bulednon with aerobic training on cerebellar tissue changes of male Wistar rat have been made during 2016.Methods: This study was conducted on mice Wistar rat. 49 rats into 7 groups: control (n=7), sham (n=7), no practice at a dose of 2mg/kg Boldenone (n=7), without practicing at a dose of 5mg/kg Boldenone (n=7), group exercise (n=7), a workout at a dose of 2mg / kg dose Boldenone (n=7) and practice 5mg/kg Boldenone (n=7) were divided. The mice were kept under identical conditions and with the same power and endurance activities according to their protocol and drug Boldenone the intervention groups were injected. After eight weeks, the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed them tissue samples from the cerebellum were prepared.Results: There was a significant difference between the groups treated with exercise and control group without exercise. In the group exercise amount and rate of change of the cerebellum tissue is significantly lower than the control group. And even there was a significant difference between the two groups with different dosages also under endurance exercise.Conclusion: The results showed that endurance and aerobic activity for 8 weeks can be largely Boldenone effects of the drug on mice reduces brain tissue but with increasing doses Boldenone creation these changes are inevitable.
Original Article
genetics
Abolfazl Adli; Solmaz kholdi; Mohammadreza Behroozikhah; Mohammadmehdi Forghanifard
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, Pages 895-902
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the main cause of death in women in the world. This cancer is heterogeneous and there are three types including LCIS ،(Lobular carcinoma in situ) ،(Ductal carcinoma in situ) DCIS and carcinoma. Although there are chemotherapy and surgery for its treatment, the ...
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Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the main cause of death in women in the world. This cancer is heterogeneous and there are three types including LCIS ،(Lobular carcinoma in situ) ،(Ductal carcinoma in situ) DCIS and carcinoma. Although there are chemotherapy and surgery for its treatment, the molecular mechanism help to diagnosis in the first stage. In this study we aimed to show the expression of CDX1 and CDX2 in breast cancer.Materials and methods:In this study, total RNA was extracted from 40 tumor and 40 normal tissues using RNA extraction kit. After cDNA synthesis with Takara cDNA synthesis kit, expressional analysis of CDX1 and CDX2 gene was evaluated by Real time PCR techniques.Results:Our data showed the expression of CDX1 and CDX2 gene were decreased in this cancer, 50 and 45 percent, respectively. Also our statistical analysis demonstrated the underexpression of CDX1 is correlated with tumor size.Discussion: To the best our knowledge, this is the first study that shows the expression of these gene were reduced in breast cancer. We suggest that these genes have tumor suppressor role in breast cancer and it require more studies to show the main mechanism of these genes in breast cancer