نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجو، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران
2 استاد، گروه بهدشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران
3 استادیار، گروه آمار و اپیدمیولوژی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران
4 دانشیار گروه فیزیک پزشکی و علوم پرتوی، دانشکده پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران
5 دانشیار، گروه بهداشت حرفهای و ایمنی کار، دانشکده بهداشت، مرکز تحقیقات بیماریهای غیرواگیر، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: کار با دستگاه تصویربرداری تشدید مغناطیسی در بیمارستانها میتواند کاربران این دستگاه را در معرض مواجهه با عوامل زیانآور قرار دهد. این مطالعه باهدف ارزشیابی محیطی سطوح میدان مغناطیسی پایا، میدان الکترومغناطیسی و صدا در مرکز تصویربرداری تشدید مغناطیسی سبزوار در سال 1402 انجام شد.
مواد و روشها: پارامترهای میدان مغناطیسی پایا با دستگاه گوسمتر 3 محوره، میدان الکترومغناطیسی با دستگاه TES-92 و تراز معادل صدا با دستگاه CEL 63-X در اتاق کنترل، اتاق انتظار و اتاق تصویربرداری اندازهگیری شد. برای تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها از نرمافزار SPSS و آزمونهای ناپارامتریک کروسکال-والیس و مقایسه زوجی سه بخش با یکدیگر استفاده شد. سطح معنیداری 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد.
یافتهها: بیشترین مقدار میدان مغناطیسی پایا 51/5 میلیتسلا در سمت چپ اسکنر، میدان الکتریکی 91/63 ولت بر متر در روبروی اسکنر، میدان مغناطیسی 41/168 در روبروی اسکنر و تراز معادل صدا 77/86 دسیبل در سمت چپ اسکنر اندازهگیری شد. بین مقادیر میدان مغناطیس پایا، میدان الکتریکی و میدان مغناطیسی در اتاق کنترل با مقادیر آن در اتاق تصویربرداری تفاوت معنیداری مشاهده شد. بین میانگین میدان مغناطیسی پایا در فاصله 1 و 2 متری در زمان اسکنهای مختلف تفاوت معنیداری وجود داشت.
نتیجهگیری: میانگین سطوح میدان مغناطیسی پایا و میدان الکترومغناطیسی کمتر از حدود استاندارد ملی ایران بوده است. این موضوع نشان میدهد که در فضای کاری مرکز تصویربرداری، مواجهه با عوامل ارزیابیشده، عموماً در سطحی پایینتر از حد مجاز قرار دارد، که از نظر ایمنی کاری نشانهای مثبت تلقی میشود.
تازه های تحقیق
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uiuvd_sAAAAJ&hl=en
https://scholar.google.ae/citations?user=F1P1wDIAAAAJ&hl=en
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/all/?term=ahmad%20allahabadi
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=h-jD--cAAAAJ&hl=en
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35663837/
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cQPDe4sAAAAJ&hl=en
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uiuvd_sAAAAJ&hl=en
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Environmental Evaluation of the Levels of Static Magnetic Field, Electromagnetic Field and Noise in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center of Sabzevar Vasei Hospital in 2023
نویسندگان [English]
- Sahar Avazverdi 1
- Ahmad Allahabadi 2
- Mohammad Hassan Rakhshani 3
- Ruhollah Ghahramani asl 4
- Majid Fallahi 5
1 Master's student in environmental health, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
2 Professor, Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Para medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar
5 Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background: Electromagnetic exposure and acoustic noise constitute significant occupational hazards in MRI facilities, with sound pressure levels typically ranging from 80 to 110 dB (A) with potentially discomfort or pain, demanding due attention to maintain the health of personnel. Thierefore, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the environmental levels of static magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields, and noise in a magnetic resonance imaging center.
Materials and Methods: The parameters of the static magnetic field were measured with a 3-axis Gauss meter, the electromagnetic field with a TES-92 device, and the equivalent sound level with a CEL 63-X device in the control room, waiting room, and imaging room. SPSS software and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests and paired comparisons of three sections were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The highest static magnetic field value was 5.51 mT on the left side of the scanner, the electric field was 63.91 v/m in front of the scanner, 168.41 mA/m in the front of the scanner, and the Leq was 86.77 dB on the left side of the scanner. There was a significant difference between the values of the static magnetic field, electric field, and magnetic field in the control room and their values in the imaging room. Also, there was a significant difference between the average static magnetic field at a distance of one meter and two meters during different scans.
Conclusion: The average levels of the static magnetic field and electromagnetic field were lower than the national standard limits of Iran. This indicates that in the MRI unit, exposure to the assessed factors is generally below the permissible level, which is considered a positive sign in terms of occupational safety.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Static Magnetic Field
- Electromagnetic Field
- Noise
- Van Deventer TE, Saunders R, Repacholi MH. WHO health risk assessment process for static fields. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2005 Feb-Apr;87(2-3):355-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.08.017. PMID: 15556671.
- Chakeres DW, de Vocht F. Static magnetic field effects on human subjects related to magnetic resonance imaging systems. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2005 Feb-Apr;87(2-3):255-65. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.08.012. PMID: 15556664.
- Modenese A, Gobba F. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and Health Surveillance According to the European Directive 2013/35/EU. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 10;18(4):1730. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041730. PMID: 33579004; PMCID: PMC7916781.
- Sayed MG. TECHNICAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 1997 Sep 1;25(3):217.
- Karpowicz J, Gryz K. Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to a magnetic field from magnetic resonance imaging devices. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2006;12(2):155-67. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2006.11076679. PMID: 16790173.
- Hansson Mild K, Hand J, Hietanen M, Gowland P, Karpowicz J, Keevil S, Lagroye I, van Rongen E, Scarfi MR, Wilén J. Exposure classification of MRI workers in epidemiological studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 2013 Jan;34(1):81-4. doi: 10.1002/bem.21728. Epub 2012 Apr 24. PMID: 22532229.
- Van Nierop LE, Slottje P, Kingma H, Kromhout H. MRI-related static magnetic stray fields and postural body sway: a double-blind randomized crossover study. Magn Reson Med. 2013 Jul;70(1):232-40. doi: 10.1002/mrm.24454. Epub 2012 Aug 10. PMID: 22886724.
- Walker M, Fultz A, Davies C, Brockopp D. Symptoms Experienced by MR Technologists Exposed to Static Magnetic Fields. Radiol Technol. 2020 Mar;91(4):316-323. PMID: 32102859.
- Bongers S, Slottje P, Portengen L, Kromhout H. Exposure to static magnetic fields and risk of accidents among a cohort of workers from a medical imaging device manufacturing facility. Magn Reson Med. 2016 May;75(5):2165-74. doi: 10.1002/mrm.25768. Epub 2015 Jun 16. PMID: 26079378.
- Huss A, Özdemir E, Schaap K, Kromhout H. Occupational exposure to MRI-related magnetic stray fields and sleep quality among MRI - Technicians - A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021 Jan;231:113636. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113636. Epub 2020 Oct 17. PMID: 33080525.
- Frankel J, Wilén J, Hansson Mild K. Assessing Exposures to Magnetic Resonance Imaging's Complex Mixture of Magnetic Fields for In Vivo, In Vitro, and Epidemiologic Studies of Health Effects for Staff and Patients. Front Public Health. 2018 Mar 12;6:66. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00066. PMID: 29594090; PMCID: PMC5858533.
- Hardell L, Nyberg R. Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Mol Clin Oncol. 2020 Mar;12(3):247-257. doi: 10.3892/mco.2020.1984. Epub 2020 Jan 22. PMID: 32064102; PMCID: PMC7016513.
- Schaap K, Christopher-De Vries Y, Crozier S, De Vocht F, Kromhout H. Exposure to static and time-varying magnetic fields from working in the static magnetic stray fields of MRI scanners: a comprehensive survey in the Netherlands. Ann Occup Hyg. 2014 Nov;58(9):1094-110. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meu057. Epub 2014 Aug 18. Erratum in: Ann Occup Hyg. 2015 Jul;59(6):817-20. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mev043. PMID: 25139484.
- Batistatou E, Mölter A, Kromhout H, van Tongeren M, Crozier S, Schaap K, Gowland P, Keevil SF, de Vocht F. Personal exposure to static and time-varying magnetic fields during MRI procedures in clinical practice in the UK. Occup Environ Med. 2016 Nov;73(11):779-786. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103194. Epub 2015 Dec 16. PMID: 26675205; PMCID: PMC5116531.
- Akbar AF, Sayyid ZN, Roberts DC, Hua J, Paez A, Cao D, Lauer AM, Ward BK. Acoustic Noise Levels in High-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanners. OTO Open. 2023 Sep 18;7(3):e79. doi: 10.1002/oto2.79. PMID: 37727400; PMCID: PMC10506133.
- Motovilova E, Winkler SA. Overview of Methods for Noise and Heat Reduction in MRI Gradient Coils. Front Phys. 2022 Jul;10:907619. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2022.907619. Epub 2022 Jul 8. PMID: 36506821; PMCID: PMC9733908.
- Fink D. What is the safe noise exposure level to prevent noise-induced hearing loss? J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025 Jan;35(1):124-128. doi: 10.1038/s41370-024-00660-3. Epub 2024 Apr 18. PMID: 38637639; PMCID: PMC11876062.
- Steckner M. A Review of MRI Acoustic Noise Outputs and Hearing Protection Device Performance. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2025 May;61(5):2083-2093. doi: 10.1002/jmri.29665. Epub 2024 Dec 17. PMID: 39690111.
- Rathebe, P., Weyers, C. & Raphela, F. Exposure levels of radiofrequency magnetic fields and static magnetic fields in 1.5 and 3.0 T MRI units. SN Appl. Sci. 3, 157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04178-3
- Stam R, Yamaguchi-Sekino S. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources. Ind Health. 2018 Apr 7;56(2):96-105. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0112. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29109357; PMCID: PMC5889928.
- International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Gaps in Knowledge Relevant to the "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz-100 kHz)". Health Phys. 2020 May;118(5):533-542. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001261. PMID: 32251081.
- Golmohammadi R, Damyar N, Mohammadfam I, Faradmal J. Evaluation of the relation between noise exposure and occupational stress with unsafe acts and accidents in city bus drivers . ioh 2014; 11 (1) :70-78
URL: http://ioh.iums.ac.ir/article-1-640-en.html. - Hartwig V, Cianfaglione M, Campanella F, D’avanzo MA, Sansotta C, Acri G. Assessment of exposure to spatially varying magnetic fields in MRI environments: modeling analysis for simulation tools. IEEE Access. 2024 Jan 17;12:11492-9.
- Hartwig V, Virgili G, Mattei FE, Biagini C, Romeo S, Zeni O, Scarfì MR, Massa R, Campanella F, Landini L, Gobba F, Modenese A, Giovannetti G. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2022 Feb;60(2):297-320. doi: 10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6. Epub 2021 Sep 29. Erratum in: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2022 Feb;60(2):321-322. doi: 10.1007/s11517-021-02457-0. PMID: 34586563.
- Frankel J, Hansson Mild K, Olsrud J, Wilén J. EMF exposure variation among MRI sequences from pediatric examination protocols. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019 Jan;40(1):3-15. doi: 10.1002/bem.22159. Epub 2018 Nov 30. PMID: 30500987; PMCID: PMC6587721.
- Hansson Mild K, Lundström R, Wilén J. Non-Ionizing Radiation in Swedish Health Care-Exposure and Safety Aspects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Apr 2;16(7):1186. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16071186. PMID: 30987016; PMCID: PMC6479478.
- Aliabadi M, oliaee M, nowroozi M, farhadian M, kamalinia M. Study of Occupational Exposure to Static Magnetic Field and its related health effects in Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI´s Units . ioh 2013; 10 (2) :45-53
URL: http://ioh.iums.ac.ir/article-1-686-en.html - Rathebe P, Weyers C, Raphela F. Some health effects of exposure to static magnetic fields and radiofrequency energy among MRI staff working with 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla scanners in South Africa. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2020;23(1):57-63.
- Karpowicz, J., Hietanen, M. & Gryz, K. Occupational risk from static magnetic fields of MRI scanners. Environmentalist 27, 533–538 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9064-1
- Hurwitz R, Lane SR, Bell RA, Brant-Zawadzki MN. Acoustic analysis of gradient-coil noise in MR imaging. Radiology. 1989 Nov;173(2):545-8. doi: 10.1148/radiology.173.2.2798888. PMID: 2798888.
- Shellock FG, Morisoli SM, Ziarati M. Measurement of acoustic noise during MR imaging: evaluation of six "worst-case" pulse sequences. Radiology. 1994 Apr;191(1):91-3. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.1.8134603. PMID: 8134603.