Health and environment
ahmad jonodi; Ayoob Rastegar
Volume 25, Issue 5 , November and December 2018, , Pages 639-648
Abstract
Back ground: Phenol and its derivatives are widely used as raw material in many petrochemical, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Wastewaters from the industries mentioned above contain Phenolic compounds which are highly hazardous to aquatic life. Therefore, phenolic wastewaters must be specially ...
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Back ground: Phenol and its derivatives are widely used as raw material in many petrochemical, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Wastewaters from the industries mentioned above contain Phenolic compounds which are highly hazardous to aquatic life. Therefore, phenolic wastewaters must be specially treated before disposing off the effluentsMaterials and methods: Hybrid aerogel with structure of hydrophobicity was prepared through sol–gel synthesis followed by drying at ambient. The aerogel was used for phenol adsorption from water and the effects of phenol concentration, also contact time were studied. Batch kinetic and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of contact time and phenol concentration The Aerogel surface was characterized by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K.Results: The result showed that the maximum adsorption was in the concentration 250 mg L− 1 493/13 mg g− 1. The specific surface area of the synthesized aerogel is 543.4 g m-2, the pore size is 3.24 nm with a porosity of 44 and a contact angle of 156 degrees, The Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order fited the experimental data Conclusion: the results showed that the phenol adsorption process involved both boundary layer diffusion and inter particle diffusion that hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface of the aerogel is synthesizedmain reason for its higher adsorption efficiency phenol.
Health and environment
Amirhossein Baghaie
Volume 25, Issue 5 , November and December 2018, , Pages 659-668
Abstract
Background: Interaction effect of heavy metal and some metals such as Fe can affect soil heavy metal availability. Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of Arak municipal sewage sludge compost with iron slag on decreasing cadmium uptake by pot marigold. Materials and methods:: Treatments ...
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Background: Interaction effect of heavy metal and some metals such as Fe can affect soil heavy metal availability. Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of Arak municipal sewage sludge compost with iron slag on decreasing cadmium uptake by pot marigold. Materials and methods:: Treatments were consist of applying enriched Arak municipal sewage sludge compost (0, 15 and 30 t ha-1) with 0 and 5% pure Fe from iron slag of Mobarakeh Steel Complex in a polluted soil (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg Cd kg-1 soil). After 60 days, soil physic-chemical properties and root and shoot Cd concentration of pot marigold was measured and the least significant difference (LSD) statistical analysis was used to determine the differences between the means (p=0.05).Results: Increasing the loading rate of Arak municipal sewage sludge compost from 0 to 15 and 30 t ha-1 in a Cd polluted soil (10 mg Cd soil-1) caused a decreasing in Cd availability by 15 and 35 percent, respectively, while the Fe availability increased by 5.6 and 8.4 times, respectively. Similar to this result, root and shoot Cd concentration was decreased by 24 and 18%, respectively. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that applying sewage sludge compost enriched with 5% Fe pure can probably affect soil physico-chemical properties that increasing soil and plant Fe availability and thereby, decreasing Cd availability.
Health and environment
Ahmad Alahabadi; Abolfazl Rahmani Sani; Zahra Rezai; Mahnaz Torabi
Volume 25, Issue 4 , September and October 2018, , Pages 528-536
Abstract
Background and Background and goal : The attendance of humic acid in water resources is the main health problems of many Societies. There are various methods for decreasing or removing of humic acid. Of these absorbed is considered an effective method to remove it. SO Agriculture wastes were used for ...
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Background and Background and goal : The attendance of humic acid in water resources is the main health problems of many Societies. There are various methods for decreasing or removing of humic acid. Of these absorbed is considered an effective method to remove it. SO Agriculture wastes were used for preparation of activated carbons by chemical activation using Ammonium chloride.Method: In this study, the standard Merck carbon and carbon produced from plant waste used as adsorbents and adsorption experiments were performed in batc. Adsorption of humic acid (HA) on SAC and NAC as a function of solution initial pH (2-10), adsorbent dosage (0.1-1 g/L), contact time (5-50 min), concentration (5-20 mg/L), on the adsorption capacity, the two-parameter equilibrium models (Langmuir and Freundlich equations) were debated. Result: The result showed that the pH effect at removal humic acid is an important parameter, and isotherm showed that the adsorption Followed of the Langmuir isotherm. Also it was found that the capacity of absorb can be markedly effected by carbon type. That it was 238, 294 , 250 mg/g For carbons Merck, Sycamore and steel respectively.Conclusion: Carbon prepared from Steel due to very high capacity could be effective for removal humic acid from aqueous solution.
Health and environment
Mohamad Bazdar; leila kohan; Omid Tabiee
Volume 25, Issue 3 , July and August 2018, , Pages 297-302
Abstract
Background: A few studies have been carried out regarding the effect of air pollution on the sperm quality. All of these studies indicated the remarkable effect of air pollution on the men’s fertility abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate air pollution effects on sperm quality in ...
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Background: A few studies have been carried out regarding the effect of air pollution on the sperm quality. All of these studies indicated the remarkable effect of air pollution on the men’s fertility abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate air pollution effects on sperm quality in the industrial zone of Asaluyeh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 152 men that were recruited randomly through pollution (Asaluyeh) and control (Kangan) areas. Semen analysis was done for measure sperm quality. The Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and P
Health and environment
mohsen yazdani; aliasghar najafpoor; aliakbar dehghan; hosein alidadi; mahmood dankoob; Reyhane Zangi; masoume saghi; aliasghar navaei
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May and June 2018, , Pages 143-149
Abstract
Background and objectives: among the different type of antibiotics, the tetracycline occupied the 2end level of the more prevalence types in produce and use aspect worldwide and their existence in domestic wastewater will pollute our water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the performance ...
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Background and objectives: among the different type of antibiotics, the tetracycline occupied the 2end level of the more prevalence types in produce and use aspect worldwide and their existence in domestic wastewater will pollute our water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of US/UV/H2O2 processes when reduction of tetracycline antibiotic from an aqueous environment was objected. Material and methods: the current experimental study use the ultrasonic bath simultaneously with ultraviolet wave and hydrogen peroxide. To detect the effect of variables include contact time(5-60 min), the antibiotic concentration (5-25 mg/l), pH(3-10), hydrogen peroxide concentration (5-20 mg/l) and the input power (90- 300 W) of instrument in process, the reactor has been sampled in different intervals and the residue concentration to be used to detect with spectrophotometer instrument in 261 nm length wave. Results: the result have been showed that the separately use of UV and US will not take a high performance with the best removal percent of 16% and 32%. Simultaneously use of US/UV/H2O2 cached a more highly reduction in tetracycline concentration and the best reduction was 83 % removal that took place in pH= 4.5, antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/I, input power of 240 W, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 20 mg/l, time equal with 50 min. Conclusion: the result have been showed that the US/UV/H2O2 process can be used as a performance process to remove the tetracycline antibiotic from an aqueous environment.
Health and environment
Elham Aseman; Hosein Sayyaf
Volume 24, Issue 3 , July and August 2017, , Pages 165-171
Abstract
Background: The use of living and nonliving bio sorbents to removal of heavy metals andtoxic compounds from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewaters has revealed considerable highly potential of green algae for adsorption. Spirogyra porticalis is filamentous algae that can often form flimsy green ...
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Background: The use of living and nonliving bio sorbents to removal of heavy metals andtoxic compounds from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewaters has revealed considerable highly potential of green algae for adsorption. Spirogyra porticalis is filamentous algae that can often form flimsy green aggregates in freshwater ponds, rivers and streams. The present study aimed to determine the capability of powdered s. porticalis to remove chromium from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: Biosorption of Cr (VI) from synthetic aqueous solutions by powdered filamentous green algae Spirogyra porticalis was investigated as an effect of various parameters including pH, biomass dosage, initial Cr (VI) concentration and contact time in laboratory scale batch. In order to do the statistical analysis, repeated measure testand one-way analysis of variance using SPSS 16.0 software was applied and P< 0.05 was considered as significant level. Results: The findings showed that the removal of Cr (VI) increased with the increasing algal dosage, metal concentration, contact time and decreasing pH. Maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH 3.0 and 1 g/L of biomass in 60 min from a solution containing 40 mg/L initial concentration of Cr (VI). Under the optimum conditions, the removal percentage of chromium (VI) was found to be 70%. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the powdered filamentous green algae s. porticalis can be used as an available, affordable and efficient biomaterial even in low dosages to remove Cr (VI) from industrial acidic wastewater and aqueous solutions.
Health and environment
Akram Eskandariyan; Sahar Sadat Azad; Abolfazl Rahmani Sani; Ayoob Rastegar; Ahmad Alahabadi
Volume 24, Issue 3 , July and August 2017, , Pages 183-189
Abstract
Background& Objectives: Antibiotics are a group of synthetic organic materials that are not removable by biological treatment process and need to be treated by advanced process like surface absorption. Since activated carbon is one of the best choices for using as adsorbent, this project was aimed ...
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Background& Objectives: Antibiotics are a group of synthetic organic materials that are not removable by biological treatment process and need to be treated by advanced process like surface absorption. Since activated carbon is one of the best choices for using as adsorbent, this project was aimed on the removal of amoxicillin antibiotic from aquatics solutions by a novel modified activated carbon.
Materials & Method: The present study was an experimental study which was conducted by using batch wise method. Erlenmeyers with 100 mL volume containing 50 mL of amoxicillin with a known concentration and amount of adsorbent were shacked at different pHs, contact times and temperatures. The samples were filtered by vacuumed pump using 0.04 acetate cellulous filter and the residual of amoxicillin was determined by UV spectrophotometer at 228 nm using quarts cell.
Results: The results obtained from experimental data was shown that the best efficiency of amoxicillin removal from aquatic solution by the new activated carbon takes places at pH= 6, adsorbent dose of 0.06 g/L and 20 min contact time. In this project the used activated carbon efficiency was 75.5%, in antibiotic concentration of 50 mg/L. Isotherm studies were shown that the amoxicillin absorption can be explained by both Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the degree of reaction obtained from kinetic studies was of second order.
.Conclusion: With regard to acceptable worth capacity of the new activated carbon, it was suitable to replace standard Merck carbon for water and wastewater treatment.
Health and environment
Ramezan-Ali Khamirchi; Zahra Rezaei Ghozal abad; Mohammad-Ali Yaghobi far; Mohammad-Hasan Rakhshani
Volume 24, Issue 4 , July and August 2017, , Pages 233-237
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The important role of proper sterilization of surgical instruments and accessories of patient safety and infection control in hospitals to hygiene standards is a proven fact. Therefore, evaluating the quality control of sterilization in hospitals in Sabzevar is the aim of ...
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Background and Purpose: The important role of proper sterilization of surgical instruments and accessories of patient safety and infection control in hospitals to hygiene standards is a proven fact. Therefore, evaluating the quality control of sterilization in hospitals in Sabzevar is the aim of this study. Methods: This investigation cross-sectional was studied in the 2014-2015 on the three hospitals Vasei, Emdad and Mobini. In this study, a questionnaire workplace health center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education was used by using a check list of the sterilization units were survey and compared in four dimensions: personnel, physical condition, devices and equipment, and packs features reviews. Then the results were analyzed using SPSS 11. Result: The results showed that the sterilization unit in Sabzevar hospitals, as then staff is the highest with 96.66% and then sterilization equipment with a 76.66% had the lowest quality. Conclusion: Sterilization and infertile can reduce hospital infection rate, increase efficiency indicators, and avoid imposing additional financial burden. Therefore, considering the health centers to provide management, credit systems and equipment, increased physical space, and workshops for staff seem necessary for sterilization units.
Health and environment
Seyed Ali Mazhari; Faezeh Haghighi
Volume 24, Issue 4 , July and August 2017, , Pages 281-291
Abstract
Background: Agricultural soils irrigation by urban sewage is a key factor to increase soil pollution and environmental risks. Heavy metals are one of the most important sewage pollutants which may produce different diseases.
Methods: The specified locations were selected for surface soil sampling to ...
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Background: Agricultural soils irrigation by urban sewage is a key factor to increase soil pollution and environmental risks. Heavy metals are one of the most important sewage pollutants which may produce different diseases.
Methods: The specified locations were selected for surface soil sampling to investigate the effect of sewage irrigation on the soil and vegetation (parsley) composition in the south of Sabzevar area. The heavy metals concentration and trace elements composition of whole samples were determined by ICP-MS. The heavy metals bioavailability was measures by DTPA method. The heavy metals concentration in DTPA extracted solution and parsley samples were defined by FAAS method.
Results: Ni and Cr concentrations in the non-polluted soils are more than standard limits. These high concentrations have been generated by enriched parental materials. In addition to Ni and Cr, polluted soils have potential environmental risk because of high concentration of Ag, Cd, Co and Zn. The DTPA results showed that non-polluted soils, unlike polluted soils, have low bioavailability. The vegetables cultivated on the polluted soils have several times higher heavy metal concentrations than non-polluted samples. These vegetations show higher Cr bioavailable value than FAO/WHO standard.
Conclusion: Heavy metal concentration has been increased by long time sewage irrigation in the southern Sabzevar soils. These heavy metals are environmentally harmful. Nickel content of vegetables cultivated on polluted soils have high HRI (>1) index which indicates high health risk for consumers.
Health and environment
Mohammad Nourmohammadi; Mohammad Reza Rezaee; Mohammad Hossein Sayyadi Anari
Volume 24, Issue 4 , July and August 2017, , Pages 293-298
Abstract
Background and purpose: Hospital waste contains microbial agents and chemical and toxic compounds that are hazardous to the health of patients, hospital personnel, and people visiting hospitals. Considering the presence of hazardous and infectious materials in hospital waste, it is essential that it ...
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Background and purpose: Hospital waste contains microbial agents and chemical and toxic compounds that are hazardous to the health of patients, hospital personnel, and people visiting hospitals. Considering the presence of hazardous and infectious materials in hospital waste, it is essential that it be managed suitably. This research intended to study hospital waste collection and disposal at teaching treatment centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
Materials and methods: The present literature review on medical waste at Treatment-Teaching Centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences was conducted in 2016. The initial raw quantitative data was received from the Waste Management Organization of Sabzevar Municipality. The guide issued by the World Health Organization was used to study the produced waste. Based on daily visits and completed questionnaires, the situation regarding disposed material with respect to type, collection method, storage, disposal and the degree of waste segregation at the three treatment-teaching centers were investigated. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by University Professors and its reliability by Cronbach’s alpha (that was 80%). Results were analyzed by using software (SPSS and Excel).
Results: The studied centers produced 869.5 kg of waste per day or 2.20 kg per occupied bed on average. Ordinary, infectious, chemical, pathological, sharp or pointed, pharmaceutical, and pressurized waste constituted 22%, 47.5%, 0.6%, 24.5%, 5%, 0.2%, and 0.2% of the total.
Conclusions: Results showed that hospital waste in Sabzevar was collected and disposed according to the circular of the Ministry of Health regarding hospital waste, waste management was supervised, and hospital waste collection and disposal was of desirable quality.
Health and environment
Ali Almasi; Abdollah Dargahi; Marzie Naderi; Amir Hosein Hashemian; Sohrab Delangizan
Volume 24, Issue 2 , May and June 2017, , Pages 121-115
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The economic feasibility of wastewater treatment plants requires applying some methods with ability to assess the cost-effectiveness of their systems. This study aimed to determine and compare the cost-effectiveness of two types of wastewater treatment systems which are used ...
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Background & Objectives: The economic feasibility of wastewater treatment plants requires applying some methods with ability to assess the cost-effectiveness of their systems. This study aimed to determine and compare the cost-effectiveness of two types of wastewater treatment systems which are used in Kermanshah province.
Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study in which the information on the wastewater treatment plants were collected from water and wastewater companies and wastewater treatment plants operators, and the data were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software program. All costs, efficiency of treatment processes, and their cost-effectiveness index was calculated for existing systems and they were compared in terms of this ratio.
Results: The results showed that, in activated sludge and natural systems, the average total efficiency, which is the result of mean removal of total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, were respectively 76.37±18.19% and 61.69±19.02%. Also the results showed that the difference between the efficiencies of two systems was significant. The cost-effectiveness of activated sludge and natural systems were respectively obtained as 0.23 and 0.58.
Conclusions: According to the results, we can say that, despite the lower efficiency, natural systems are better than activated sludge systems and have better cost-effectiveness for wastewater treatment. These results indicates the natural systems is more successful in term of cost-effectiveness, and the most important factor in this success can be attributed to lower required investments and lower maintenance costs, compared to activated sludge systems.
Health and environment
Mostafa Sobhanikia; Edris Bazrafshan; Hossein Kamani
Volume 24, Issue 2 , May and June 2017, , Pages 144-137
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives: Antibiotics can’t be removedefficiently by conventional wastewater treatment.Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) has high efficiency of degradation of contaminants such as heavy metal, nitro aromatic compounds and insecticides. Ozonation is one of the most well known methods ...
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Backgrounds and Objectives: Antibiotics can’t be removedefficiently by conventional wastewater treatment.Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) has high efficiency of degradation of contaminants such as heavy metal, nitro aromatic compounds and insecticides. Ozonation is one of the most well known methods for remove of chemichal-resistant materials like antibiotics of water and wastewater
Materials and Methods: This study is experimental. nZVI and ozonation were used to remove of penicillin G. for determination removal efficiency of penicillin, COD and TOC, factors: initial pH, dose of nano particle, initial penicillin dose, reaction time with nano particle and ozone were investigated.
Results: Removal efficiency of penicillin G, COD, TOC in stage of reaction with nZVI were 96.35%, 73.13% and 47.45%, respectivly with reaction time: 60 min, initial penicillin concentration: 100 mg/L, COD: 1429 mg/L, TOC: 510 mg/L, pH=7, nano particle iron concentration: 0.25 g/L. In the stage of reaction with ozone, removal efficiency of penicillin G, COD and TOC were 99.5%, 96.35% and 92.65%, respectivly with reaction time: 13 min, pH=9, initial penicillin 20 mg/l, COD: 356 mg/L, TOC: 136 mg/L, volumetric flow rate of ozone: 5 L/min.
Conclusion:The best removal efficiency in stage of nano particles reaction was in pH=7, initial nZVI concentration 0.25 g/L, initial penicillin concentration 100 mg/L and time about 60 min. The best removal efficiency in stage of ozonation was in pH=7 and time about 9 min.