Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

Peer Review Process

News

Journal Forms

Paper Preparation Guide

Guide to Writing a Policy Brief

Brief Policy form

The Role of Death Anxiety, Fear of Infected by COVID-19, Perceived Social Support and, Resilience in Predicting Adjustment Disorder

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 MSc Student in Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

2 Associate professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Adjustment disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, and it is important to determine the factors involved in it. This study investigated the predictive role of individual, social, and psychological determinants in adjustment disorder.
Materials and Methods: The current research design is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research includes 402 people living in Tehran, who were selected through the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire (IADQ), Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Fear of Covid-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) was collected and analyzed using SPSS-26 software with multiple linear regression analysis in a stepwise method.
Results: The results of the correlation test showed a significant relationship between predicting variables of fear of being infected by Covid-19, perceived social support, resilience, and marital status with adjustment disorder, and the results of multiple linear regression showed that adjustment disorder was explained by the highest contribution of resilience variables (0.220). β=-, P=0.000), perceived social support (β=-0.153, P=0.003), fear of infected by Corona (β=0.150, P=0.002) and status Marriage was (β=0.109, P=0.031).
Conclusion: Resilience, perceived social support, fear of being infected by COVID-19, and marital status play a role in adjustment disorder and can explain the variability of adjustment disorder. As a result, it seems important to consider these variables in people with adjustment disorder.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Morgan MA, O’Gallagher K, Kelber MS, Garvey Wilson AL, Belsher BE, Evatt DP. Adjustment disorder in US service members: factors associated with early separation. Military Medicine. 2023;188(7-8):e1501-7. org/10.1093/milmed/usac008
  2. Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, van Ommeren M, Jones LM, et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD‐ World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):198-206. doi.org/10.1002/wps.20057
  3. O’Donnell ML, Agathos JA, Metcalf O, Gibson K, Lau W. Adjustment disorder: Current developments and future directions. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(14):2537. org/10.3390%2Fijerph16142537
  4. Einsle F, Köllner V, Dannemann S, Maercker A. Development and validation of a self-report for the assessment of adjustment disorders. Psychology, health & medicine. 2010;15(5):584-95. org/10.1080/13548506.2010.487107
  5. Lotzin A, Krause L, Acquarini E, Ajdukovic D, Ardino V, Arnberg F, et al. Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic–First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2021;12(1):1964197. org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197
  6. Mahat-Shamir M, Pitcho-Prelorentzos S, Kagan M, Kestler-Peleg M, Lavenda O. Adjustment disorder in the face of COVID-19 outbreak: The impact of death anxiety, media exposure, fear of contagion and hypochondriasis symptoms. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. 2023 Sep;87(4):1189-206. org/10.1177/00302228211034372
  7. Sliter MT, Sinclair RR, Yuan Z, Mohr CD. Don’t fear the reaper: Trait death anxiety, mortality salience, and occupational health. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2014;99(4):759. doi/10.1037/a0035729
  8. Menzies RE, Sharpe L, Dar‐Nimrod I. The relationship between death anxiety and severity of mental illnesses. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2019 Nov;58(4):452-67. org/10.1111/bjc.12229
  9. Dragan M, Grajewski P, Shevlin M. Adjustment disorder, traumatic stress, depression and anxiety in Poland during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2021;12(1):1860356. org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1860356
  10. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  11. Torales J, O’Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International journal of social psychiatry. 2020;66(4):317-20. org/10.1177/0020764020915212
  12. Shin LM, Liberzon I. The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(1):169-91. org/10.1038/npp.2009.83
  13. Lorenz L, Perkonigg A, Maercker A. A socio-interpersonal approach to adjustment disorder: The example of involuntary job loss. European journal of Psychotraumatology. 2018;9(1):1425576. org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1425576
  14. Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH, editors. Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press; 2000;19:29-52. doi/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0002
  15. Dam AE, de Vugt ME, Klinkenberg IP, Verhey FR, van Boxtel MP. A systematic review of social support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia: Are they doing what they promise? Maturitas. 2016;85:117-30. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.12.008.
  16. Friedlander LJ, Reid GJ, Shupak N, Cribbie R. Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to university among first-year undergraduates. Journal of college student development. 2007;48(3):259-74. org/10.1353/csd.2007.0024
  17. Öksüz E, Mersin S, Özcan CT. Childhood traumatic experiences, alexithymia, and resilience in patients with adjustment disorder. Gulhane Medical Journal. 2018;60(3). org/10.1177/0886260507300207
  18. Sisto A, Vicinanza F, Campanozzi LL, Ricci G, Tartaglini D, Tambone V. Towards a transversal definition of psychological resilience: A literature review. Medicina. 2019;55(11):745. org/10.3390%2Fmedicina55110745
  19. Liebenberg L, Ikeda J, Wood M. “It’s just part of my culture”: Understanding language and land in the resilience processes of Aboriginal youth. Youth resilience and culture: Commonalities and complexities. 2015:105-16. doi/10.1007/978-94-017-9415-2_8
  20. Zelviene P, Kazlauskas E, Maercker A. Risk factors of ICD-11 adjustment disorder in the Lithuanian general population exposed to life stressors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2020;11(1):1708617. doi/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708617
  21. García-León MÁ, Pérez-Mármol JM, Gonzalez-Pérez R, del Carmen García-Ríos M, Peralta-Ramírez MI. Relationship between resilience and stress: Perceived stress, stressful life events, HPA axis response during a stressful task and hair cortisol. Physiology & behavior. 2019;202:87-93. org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.001
  22. Ben-Ezra M, Hou WK, Goodwin R. Investigating the relationship between COVID-19-related and distress and ICD-11 adjustment disorder: two cross-sectional studies. BJPsych Open. 2021 Jan;7(1):e21. org/10.1192/bjo.2020.158
  23. Juszczyk A, Dragan M, Grajewski P, Holas P. Prevalence of adjustment disorder in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2021;30(3):141-53. org/10.5114/ppn.2021.110764
  24. Taylor S. COVID stress syndrome: Clinical and nosological considerations. Current psychiatry reports. 2021;23:1-7. org/10.1007/s11920-021-01226-y
  25. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: pearson; 2013. https://www.amazon.com/Using-Multivariate-Statistics-Barbara-Tabachnick/dp/0205849571
  26. Shevlin M, Hyland P, Ben‐Ezra M, Karatzias T, Cloitre M, Vallières F, et al. Measuring ICD‐11 adjustment disorder: The development and initial validation of the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2020;141(3):265-74. org/10.1111/acps.13126
  27. Templer DI. The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology. 1970;82(2):165-77. org/10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634
  28. Rajabi GH.R., Bohrani M.. Item Factor Analysis of The Deah Anxiety Scale. Journal of Psychology[Internet]. 2002;5(20):331-344. (Persian) Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/54487/en
  29. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction. 2020:1-9. org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  30. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment. 1988 Mar 1;52(1):30-41. org/10.1207/s15327752jpa52012
  31. Shokri O, Kormi Nouri R, Farahani MN, Moradi A. The Quality of College Life from Viewpoint of Native and Non-Native Students of Tehran’s Public Universities. Journal of Iranian Cultural Research. 2016; 9(2): 75-100. (Persian) doi: 10.22035/ijcr.2016.308
  32. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety. 2003 Sep;18(2):76-82. org/10.1002/da.10113
  33. Campbell-Sills L, Cohan SL, Stein MB. Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour research and therapy. 2006;44(4):585-99. org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001
  34. Hashemi L, Jowkar B. Study of Relationship Between Spiritual Transcendence and Resilience. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies[Internet]. 2011;8(13):123-142. (Persian) Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/188702/en
  35. Asmundson GJ, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2020;70:102196. org/10.1016%2Fj.janxdis.2020.102196
  36. Bambrah V, Wyman A, Friedman E, Eastwood JD. Examining the longitudinal associations between adjustment disorder symptoms and boredom during COVID-19. Behavioral Sciences. 2022;12(9):311. org/10.3390/bs12090311
  37. Akouchekian SH, Roohafza HR, Mohammad Sharifi H. Relation between social support and coping with stress in nurses in psychiatric ward. Journal of Guilan university of medical sciences. 2009 Apr 10;18(69):41-6.(Persian) URL: http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-266-fa.html
  38. Southwick SM, Bonanno GA, Masten AS, Panter-Brick C, Yehuda R. Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2014;5(1):25338. org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
  39. Zelviene P, Kazlauskas E. Adjustment disorder: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2018:375-81. org/10.2147/NDT.S121072
  40. Basim HN, Cetin F. The reliability and validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults-Turkish Version. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2011;22(2):104. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638232/
  41. Lim ML, Lim D, Gwee X, Nyunt MS, Kumar R, Ng TP. Resilience, stressful life events, and depressive symptomatology among older Chinese adults. Aging & Mental Health. 2015;19(11):1005-14. org/10.1080/13607863.2014.995591
  42. Ta VP, Gesselman AN, Perry BL, Fisher HE, Garcia JR. Stress of singlehood: Marital status, domain-specific stress, and anxiety in a national US sample. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2017;36(6):461-85. org/101521jscp2017366461
  43. Odriozola-González P, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, Irurtia MJ, de Luis-García R. Psychological symptoms of the outbreak of the COVID-19 confinement in Spain. Journal of health psychology. 2022;27(4):825-35. org/10.1177/1359105320967086
  44. Zheng W, Schimmele CM, Penning MJ, Zheng C, Noh S. Effect of marital status on duration of treatment for mental illness. Canadian Studies in Population. 2012; 39(2): 109-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/P6690Z
  45. Ayuso-Mateos JL, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Dowrick C, Lehtinen V, Dalgard OS, Casey P, et al. Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;179(4):308-16. org/10.1192/bjp.179.4.308
  46. Hund B, Reuter K, Härter M, Brähler E, Faller H, Keller M, et al. Stressors, symptom profile, and predictors of adjustment disorder in cancer patients. Results from an epidemiological study with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, adaptation for oncology (CIDI‐O). Depression and Anxiety. 2016;33(2):153-61. org/10.1002/da.22441
  47. Lorenz L, Perkonigg A, Maercker A. The course of adjustment disorder following involuntary job loss and its predictors of latent change. Clinical Psychological Science. 2018;6(5):647-57. doi/10.1177/2167702618766290
Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
Volume 31, Issue 2
May and June 2024
Pages 158-169
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 19 November 2023
  • Revise Date: 13 February 2024
  • Accept Date: 14 February 2024
Share
How to cite
Statistics