Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

Peer Review Process

News

Journal Forms

Paper Preparation Guide

Comparing the level and intensity of physical activity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant women

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran

2 Assistant professor, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.

3 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Regular physical activity during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of gestational diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the level and intensity of physical activity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant women.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 100 referring pregnant women (50 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 50 healthy pregnant women) with purposeful sampling from available samples with an age range of 25-35 years. Physical activity level was measured using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). Mann-Whitney u test was used to compare the level and intensity of physical activity of two groups.
Results: The level of physical activity at home (p=0.013), Transportation activity(p=0.000) and total physical activity(p=0.012) in the gestational diabetes group was significantly lower compared to the healthy pregnant group. There was no significant difference in occupational physical activity(p=0.815) and Sports/exercise activities(p=0.104) between the two groups. The activities with light intensity(p=0.042) and moderate intensity(p=0.030) in the gestational diabetes group were significantly lower than the healthy group. No significant difference was observed in high-intensity activities (p=0.315) and sedentary behaviors (p=0.114) between the two groups.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the level of physical activity and activities with light and moderate intensity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes are lower than in healthy pregnant women, hence the development of prevention programs with aim of increasing the level of physical activity is necessary.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Choudhury AA, Rajeswari VD. Gestational diabetes mellitus-A metabolic and reproductive disorder. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;143:112183. DOI: 1016/j.biopha.2021.112183
  2. Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, Werfalli M, Sun H, Yuen L, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group’s Criteria. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2022;183:109050. DOI: 1016/j.diabres.2021.109050
  3. Vounzoulaki E, Khunti K, Abner SC, Tan BK, Davies MJ, Gillies CL. Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2020;369. DOI: 1136/bmj.m1361
  4. Filardi T, Catanzaro G, Mardente S, Zicari A, Santangelo C, Lenzi A, et al. Non-coding RNA: role in gestational diabetes pathophysiology and complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(11):4020. DOI: 3390/ijms21114020
  5. James‐Allan LB, Rosario FJ, Barner K, Lai A, Guanzon D, McIntyre HD, et al. Regulation of glucose homeostasis by small extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes. The FASEB Journal. 2020;34(4):5724-39. DOI: 1096/fj.201902522RR
  6. Guo XY, Shu J, Fu XH, Chen XP, Zhang L, Ji MX, et al. Improving the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for gestational diabetes prevention: a meta‐analysis and meta‐ BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2019;126(3):311-20. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15467
  7. Kanaley JA, Colberg SR, Corcoran MH, Malin SK, Rodriguez NR, Crespo CJ, Kirwan JP, Zierath JR. Exercise/Physical Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022 Feb 1;54(2):353-368. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800..
  8. Song C, Li J, Leng J, Ma R, Yang X. Lifestyle intervention can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews. 2016;17(10):960-9. DOI: 1111/obr.12442
  9. Sinclair I, St-Pierre M, Elgbeili G, Bernard P, Vaillancourt C, Gagnon S, et al. Psychosocial stress, sedentary behavior, and physical activity during pregnancy among canadian women: Relationships in a diverse cohort and a nationwide sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(24):5150. DOI: 3390/ijerph16245150
  10. Laredo-Aguilera JA, Gallardo-Bravo M, Rabanales-Sotos JA, Cobo-Cuenca AI, Carmona-Torres JM. Physical activity programs during pregnancy are effective for the control of gestational diabetes mellitus. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(17):6151. DOI: 3390/ijerph17176151
  11. Mijatovic-Vukas J, Capling L, Cheng S, Stamatakis E, Louie J, Cheung NW, et al. Associations of diet and physical activity with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):698. DOI: 3390/nu10060698
  12. Downs DS, Chasan-Taber L, Evenson KR, Leiferman J, Yeo S. Physical activity and pregnancy: past and present evidence and future recommendations. Research quarterly for exercise and sport. 2012;83(4):485-502. DOI: 1080/02701367.2012.10599138
  13. Löf M. Physical activity pattern and activity energy expenditure in healthy pregnant and non-pregnant Swedish women. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;  65(12), 1295–1301. DOI: 1038/ejcn.2011.129
  14. Harrison AL, Taylor NF, Frawley HC, Shields N. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus want clear and practical messages from credible sources about physical activity during pregnancy: a qualitative study. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2019; 65(1):37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2018.11.007
  15. Aune D, Sen A, Henriksen T, Saugstad OD, Tonstad S. Physical activity and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. European journal of epidemiology. 2016 Oct;31(10):967-997. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0176-0
  16. Callaway LK, Colditz PB, Byrne NM, Lingwood BE, Rowlands IJ, Foxcroft K, et al. Prevention of gestational diabetes: feasibility issues for an exercise intervention in obese pregnant women. Diabetes care. 2010;33(7):1457-9. DOI: 10.2337/dc09-2336
  17. Redden SL, LaMonte MJ, Freudenheim JL, Rudra CB. The association between gestational diabetes mellitus and recreational physical activity. Maternal and child health journal. 2011;15:514-9. DOI: 10.1007/s10995-010-0586-7
  18. Chasan-Taber L, Schmidt MD, Pekow P, Sternfeld B, Manson JE, Solomon CG, et al. Physical activity and gestational diabetes mellitus among Hispanic women. Journal of Women's Health. 2008;17(6):999-1008. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0560
  19. Dempsey JC, Butler CL, Sorensen TK, Lee I-M, Thompson ML, Miller RS, et al. A case-control study of maternal recreational physical activity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2004;66(2):203-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.03.010
  20. Ramos-Leví AM, Pérez-Ferre N, Fernández MD, Del Valle L, Bordiu E, Bedia AR, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women living in Spain: implications for preventative strategies. International journal of endocrinology. 2012;2012. DOI: 10.1155/2012/312529
  21. Russo LM, Nobles C, Ertel KA, Chasan-Taber L, Whitcomb BW. Physical activity interventions in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2015;125(3):576-82. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000691
  22. Yin Y-n, Li X-l, Tao T-j, Luo B-r, Liao S-j. Physical activity during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British journal of sports medicine. 2014;48(4):290-5. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092596
  23. Baptiste-Roberts K, Ghosh P, Nicholson WK. Pregravid physical activity, dietary intake, and glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Journal of Women's Health. 2011;20(12):1847-51. DOI: 1089/jwh.2010.2377
  24. Cordero Y, Mottola MF, Vargas J, Blanco M, Barakat R. Exercise is associated with a reduction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2015;47(7):1328. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000547
  25. Renault KM, Nørgaard K, Nilas L, Carlsen EM, Cortes D, Pryds O, et al. The Treatment of Obese Pregnant Women (TOP) study: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of physical activity intervention assessed by pedometer with or without dietary intervention in obese pregnant women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2014;210(2):134. e1-. e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.09.029
  26. Tomić V, Sporiš G, Tomić J, Milanović Z, Zigmundovac-Klaić D, Pantelić S. The effect of maternal exercise during pregnancy on abnormal fetal growth. Croatian medical journal. 2013;54(4):362-8. DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.362
  27. Barakat R, Perales M, Bacchi M, Coteron J, Refoyo I. A program of exercise throughout pregnancy. Is it safe to mother and newborn? American journal of health promotion. 2014;29(1):2-8. DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130131-QUAN-56
  28. Ko CW, Napolitano PG, Lee SP, Schulte SD, Ciol MA, Beresford SA. Physical activity, maternal metabolic measures, and the incidence of gallbladder sludge or stones during pregnancy: a randomized trial. American journal of perinatology. 2014;31(01):039-48. DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1334455
  29. Mørkrid K, Jenum A, Berntsen S, Sletner L, Richardsen K, Vangen S, et al. Objectively recorded physical activity and the association with gestational diabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2014;24(5):e389-e97. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2155043
  30. Nobles C, Marcus BH, Stanek III EJ, Braun B, Whitcomb BW, Solomon CG, et al. Effect of an exercise intervention on gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2015;125(5):1195. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000738
  31. Stafne SN, Salvesen KÅ, Romundstad PR, Eggebø TM, Carlsen SM, Mørkved S. Regular exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012;119(1):29-36. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182393f86
  32. McIntyre HD, Catalano P, Zhang C, Desoye G, Mathiesen ER, Damm P. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2019 11;5(1):47. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0098-8
  33. Chasan-Taber L, Schmidt MD, Roberts DE, Hosmer D, Markenson G, Freedson PS. Development and validation of a pregnancy physical activity questionnaire. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004;36(10):1750-60. DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000142303.49306.0d
  34. Abbasi S, Moazami M, Bijeh N, Mirmajidi SR. Investigation of the Relationship between Physical Activity Levels, Maternal Weight (before delivery) and Serum Cortisol Level (during labor) in Nulliparous Women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2015;18(151):12-9.DOI: 10.22038/IJOGI.2015.4625
  35. Kazemi AF, Hajian S, Sharifi N. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the pregnancy physical activity questionnaire. International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences. 2019;7(1):54-60. DOI: 10.15296/ijwhr.2019.09
  36. Mørkrid K, Jenum AK, Sletner L, Vårdal MH, Waage CW, Nakstad B, et al. Failure to increase insulin secretory capacity during pregnancy-induced insulin resistance is associated with ethnicity and gestational diabetes. European journal of endocrinology. 2012;167(4):579-88. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-12-0452
  37. Jahanpak N, Razmjoo N, Rezaei Ardani A, Mazloum SR, Bonakdaran S. The Relationship between Sleep Duration and Glucose Challenge Test Results in Pregnant Women without Risk Factors of Diabetes. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2013;16(60):9-17.DOI: 10.22038/IJOGI.2013.1547
  38. Javid FM, Simbar M, Dolatian M, Majd HA, Mahmoodi Z. A comparative study on dietary style and physical activity of women with and without gestational diabetes. Acta Medica Iranica. 2016:651-6. DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p162.
  39. Sitzberger C, Oberhoffer-Fritz R, Meyle K, Wagner M, Lienert N, Graupner O, et al. Gestational diabetes: physical activity before pregnancy and its influence on the cardiovascular system. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2020;8:465. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00465
  40. Nasiri-Amiri F, Bakhtiari A, Faramarzi M, Rad HA, Pasha H. The association between physical activity during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2016 28;14(3):e37123. DOI: 10.5812/ijem.37123
  41. Tobias DK, Zhang C, Van Dam RM, Bowers K, Hu FB. Physical activity before and during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabetes care. 2011;34(1):223-9. DOI: 2337/dc10-1368
  42. Oken E, Ning Y, Rifas-Shiman SL, Radesky JS, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW. Associations of physical activity and inactivity before and during pregnancy with glucose tolerance. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2006;108(5):1200. DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000241088.60745.70
  43. Yeo S, Kang JH. Low-Intensity Exercise and Pregnancy Outcomes: An Examination in the Nurses' Health Study II. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle). 2021 Sep 15;2(1):389-395. DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0011.
  44. Deierlein AL, Siega-Riz AM, Evenson KR. Physical activity during pregnancy and risk of hyperglycemia. Journal of women's health. 2012;21(7):769-75. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2011.3361
  45. Harizopoulou VC, Kritikos A, Papanikolaou Z, Saranti E, Vavilis D, Klonos E, et al. Maternal physical activity before and during early pregnancy as a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta diabetologica. 2010;47:83-9. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-1368
  46. Barakat R, Refoyo I, Coteron J, Franco E. Exercise during pregnancy has a preventative effect on excessive maternal weight gain and gestational diabetes. A randomized controlled trial. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019;23(2):148-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.11.005
  47. Moosavi S, Koushkie Jahromi M, Salesi M, Namavar Jahromi B. Relationship between exercise during and before pregnancy periods and gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016;18(3):79-85. URL: http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-2839-fa.html
  48. Han S, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 201211;(7):CD009021. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009021.pub2.
  49. Ferrari N, Joisten C. Impact of physical activity on course and outcome of pregnancy from pre-to postnatal. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021;75(12):1698-709. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00904-7
  50. van Poppel MN, Peinhaupt M, Eekhoff ME, Heinemann A, Oostdam N, Wouters MG, et al. Physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women is associated with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and with reduced insulin response through interleukin-6. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(4):1132-9. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2140
  51. Golbidi S, Laher I. Potential mechanisms of exercise in gestational diabetes. Journal of nutrition and metabolism. 2013;2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/285948
Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
Volume 30, Issue 1
May and June 2023
Pages 117-129
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 28 February 2023
  • Revise Date: 26 April 2023
  • Accept Date: 29 April 2023
Share
How to cite
Statistics