Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Student in Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

2 Professor of Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Population growth causes the need to produce more agricultural products. And the lack of water causes people to use unconventional waters, including treated sewage. Improper quality of wastewater can be harmful to the soil, plants and the health of consumers. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and check their quality.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the factors of EC, BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP, PH, Ecoli, TC, CL,Ca, Mg, Na, SAR in effluent treatment plants, Sabzevar stabilization pond, activated sludge (Factory sanitary wastewater) and rural Wetland with Tested by standard methods. (according to 2017 version of the book Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater) and compared with Wilcox, Ayers and Westcot, FAO, WHO, USEPA standards.To determine the competence of three different types of effluent for agricultural use.
Results: In accordence with the standards of Iran, Wilcox, Ayers and Westcot, FAO and WHO, all three types of effluent can be used for irrigation with low to moderate negative impacts. However, in the more stringent standards (USEPA), stabilization pond and Wetland did not meet the BOD, TSS factors threshold, and the activated sludge effluent did not provide the BOD factor.
Conclusion: According to the results, the activated sludge treatment system meets the standards of wastewater consumption in agriculture better than the other two systems. Over time, the standards will become stricter. Choosing the type and correct operation of the treatment system has a significant impact on providing the quality standards of effluent for irrigation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Vice of Strategic Planning and Supervision of the President of Iran. Environmental Criteria Reuse of Recycled Water and Wastewater, publication 535.[Persian]
  2. Asfi H, Zennouri e,.How to Use Wastewater Treatment plant effluent as an Renewable Water Resources Case Study in Nahavand City. The first regional conference on civil engineering. .2010 Feb.20-21. Khomeini city, Islamic Azad University.
  3. Kardawani P. Geohydrology. Tehran: Tehran University Press: 2006. Third Edition. Preface. [Persian]
  4. Murseli I, Heidari N, Zare A, Hatami H.R. Investigating the Role of Processes in Promoting Agricultural Water Productivity in Iran. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 2015; 31(2). [Persian]
  5. N, oohdi. N, Dehmordeh. Z, Modification of Water Consumption Patterns in Agricultural and Urban Areas. Scientific Conference on Water Challenges in Qom Province: 2010. Qom. Qom University. [Persian]
  6. Kargari N, Mastouri R. Study of water consumption in different parts of Iran, comparison with neighboring countries and providing corrective solutions. National conference on sustainable development patterns in water management. 2009: Mashhad, Mahab Samen Consulting Engineers Co. [Persian]
  7. Mariolakos I. Water Resources Management in the Framework of Sustainable Development. Desalination. 2007; 213: 147-151.
  8. Matouq M. The potential for reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. International Journal of Water, 4(2008), 105-120.
  9. Nasseri S et al. Journal of Health and Hygiene. Evaluation of Ardabil wastewater treatment plant for reuse in agriculture. 2012, 3(3): 73-80.[Persian]
  10. Chavez, A.; Rodas, K.; Prado, B.; Thompson, R.; Jimenez, B. An evaluation of the effects of changing wastewater irrigation regime for the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Agric. Water Manag. 2012, 113, 76–84.
  11. Jang, T.I.; Kim, H.K.; Seong, C.H.; Lee, E.J.; Park, S.W. Assessing nutrient losses of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields for sustainable agriculture. Agric. Water Manag. 2012, 104, 235–243.
  12. Jeong, H.S.; Jang, T.I.; Seong, C.H.; Park, S.W. Assessing nitrogen fertilizer rates and split applications using the DSSAT model for rice irrigated with urban wastewater. Agric. Water Manag. 2014, 141, 1–9.
  13. Hamilton, A.J.; Stagnitti, F.; Xiong, X.; Kreidil, S.L.; Benke, K.K.; Maher, P. Wastewater irrigation: The state of play. Vadose Zone J. 2007, 6, 823–840.
  14. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
  15. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
  16. Beltran, J.M. Irrigation with saline water: Benefits and environmental impact. Agric. Water Manag. 1999, 40, 183–194.
  17. Bauder, T.A.; Waskom, R.M.; Sutherland, P.L.; Davis, J.G. Irrigation Water Quality Criteria; Colorado State University Extension: Fort Collins, CO, USA, 2011.
  18. Setter, T.L.; Laureles, E.V.; Mazaredo, A.M. Lodging reduces yield of rice by self-shading and reductions in canopy photosynthesis. Field Crop. Res. 1997, 49, 95–106.
  19. Smith, V.H.; Tilman, G.D.; Nekola, J.C. Eutrophication: Impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Pollut. 1999, 100, 179–196.
  20. Ju, X.T.; Kou, C.L.; Zhang, F.S.; Christie, P. Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environ. Pollut. 2006, 143, 117–125.
  21. An, Y.J.; Lee, W.M.; Yoon, C.G. Evaluation of Korean water quality standards and suggestion of additional water parameters. Korean J. Limnol. 2006, 39, 285–295. [Korean]
  22. Asano, T.; Burton, F.L.; Leverenz, H.L.; Tsuchihashi, R.; Tchobanoglous, G. Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies and Applications; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2007.
  23. Najafpour F, Soleimani Babarsad M, Danak HR. Wastewater and Sludge Reuse of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Green City (Case Study of Ahwaz City Wastewater Treatment Plant). Journal of Water Engineering. Fall and Winter 2010: 135-142.[Persian]
  24. Zarei S, Zarei A, Dehestani Athar s,Ghahremani e, Nouri B. Feasibility study of Reuse of Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent of Sanandaj in Agriculture, Journal of Water Engineering – 2018:83-90.[Persian]
  25. Safa F, Malakotian M, Kord Mostafapor F. Investigation of the Use of Kerman Wastewater Treatment Wastewater in Agriculture. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 2014; 28(1).[Persian]
  26. Hatami T, Nadali A, Roshani Gh, Shokouhi R. Feasibility of reuse of effluent from extention aeration Wastewater treatment plant of Bojnourd city for agricultural and irrigation purpose.. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 2018; 16(3):20-28.[Persian]
  27. Bahrami S, Soodaeizadeh H, Irannejad Paris H, Sotoudeh A, Mandegari A. Feasibility Study and Risk Assessment of USE of Treated Wastewater in Agriculture (Case Study: Yazd Wastewater Treatment Plant), Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 2015; 2.[Persian]
  28. s, Andrew.p .B.C. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION MANUAL, Chapter 11, Ministry of Agriculture Biritish Columbia, 2014 ISSUE.
  29. Ministry of Energy. Publication No. 535. Preface section, Environmental criteria for reuse Return water and effluents; 2010. [Persian].
  30. Department of Agriculture (U.S). Circular 969, Wilcox, L.V. Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters, Washington DC; 1955.
  31. S. Ayers and D. W. Westcot, “Water Quality for Agriculture,” FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rome, 1985.
  32. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, S. AyersD. W. WestcotTechnology & Engineering- 174 pages; 1985.
  33. Guidelines for Water Reuse 600/R 12/618. Washington, DC, USA; 2012.
  34. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. In: Wastewater Use in Agriculture. vol. 2. Geneva; 2006.
  35. Salarian M, Najafi M, Hosseini SV, Heydari M. Classification of Zayandehrud River Basin Water Quality Regarding Agriculture, Drinking, and Industrial Usage. American Research Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. 2015; 1(1): 1-9.