[1] Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020; 92: 401–402.
[2] Huang C, Wang Y, Li Z, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395: 497–506.
[3] World Health Organization Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19–11 March 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/whodirector-general-s-openingremarks- at-the-mediabriefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (accessed on 11 March 2020).
[4] Perlman S, Netland J. Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009; 7: 439–450.
[5] Lu, R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020; 395: 565–574.
[6] Phan T. Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infect. Genet Evol. 2020; 79.
[7] World Health Organization Novel Coronavirus (2019nCoV), Situation Report 1. 21 January 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep1-2019-ncov.pdf (accessed on 25 March 2020).
[8] Hsu LY, Chia PY, Lim JF. The Novel coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) epidemic Ann Acad Med Singap. 2020; 49: 3-14.
[9] World Health Organization Novel Coronavirus (2019nCoV) Situation Report 21 May 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus-2019
[10] Lei J, Kusov Y, Hilgenfeld R. Nsp3 of coronaviruses: Structures and functions of a large multi-domain protein. Antivir. Res. 2018; 149: 58–74.
[11] Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020; 5: 562– 569.
[12] Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, et al. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host Microbe 2020.
[13] Cheepsattayakorn A, Cheepsattayakorn R. Proximal origin and phylogenetic analysis of COVID-19 (2019nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). EC Microbiol 2020.
[14] Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol. 2017; 39: 529–39.
[15] Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395: 497–506.
[16] Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L. et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8: 420–2.
[17] Luo W, Yu H, Gou J, Li X, Sun Y, Li J, Liu L. Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Preprints 2020, 202002040
[18] Chen C, Zhang XR, Ju ZY, He WF. Advances in the research of cytokine storm mechanism induced by Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the corresponding immunotherapies. Chinese Journal of Burns, 2020; 36. [19] Bennardo F, Bu one C, Giudice A. New therapeutic opportunities for COVID-19 patients with Tocilizumab: Possible correlation of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors with osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Oncol. 2020.
[20] Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 family cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018, 10.
[21] Lupia T, Scabini S, Mornese Pinna S, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG, Corcione S. 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: A new challenge. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020; 21: 22–27.
[22] Yang Y, Peng F, Wang R, Guan K, Jiang T, Xu G, Sun J, Chang C. The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. J. Autoimmun. 2020.
[23] Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, Tao Q, Sun Z, Xia L. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A report of 1014 cases. Radiology 2020.
[24] Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214:1280-1286
[25] Bai HX, Hsieh B, Xiong Z, Halsey K, Choi JW, Tran TML, Pan I, Shi LB, Wang DC, Mei J. et al. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology 2020.
[26] World Health Organization Covid 19 Infection. Available online:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed on 31 March 2020).
[27] Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, Du C. et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern. Med. 2020.
[28] Lippi G, Simundic AM, Plebani M. Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020.
[29] Lagier JC, Colson P, Tissot Dupont H, Salomon J, Doudier B, Aubry C, Gouriet F, Baron S, Dudouet P, Flores R. et al. Testing the repatriated for SARS-Cov2: Should laboratory-based quarantine replace traditional quarantine? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020.
[30] Wang H, Wang S, Yu K. COVID-19 infection epidemic: The medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China. Crit Care 2020; 24: 107.
[31] Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang SCW. COVID-19: An update on the epidemiological, clinical, preventive and therapeutic evidence and guidelines of integrative Chinese-Western medicine for the management of 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Am J Chin Med. 2020; 13: 1–26.
[32] Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski T Z, Cutrell J B, Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA. 2020.
[33] Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet 2020; 395; 473–475.
[34] Francesco Di G, Damiano P, Claudia M, Mario A, Vincenzo R, Nicola V, Lee S. Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res. Public Health 2020; 17: 2690
[35] Chien M, Anderson TK, Jockusch S, et al. Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase. bioRxiv.2020.
[36] Ju J. LiX, Kumar S, et al. Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase.BioRxiv.2020.
[37] Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020; 30: 269–271.
[38] Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care 2020; 9441: 30390–30397.
[39] Biggioggero, M, Crotti C, Becciolini A, Favalli EG. Tocilizumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: An evidence-based review and patient selection. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2018; 13: 57–70.
[40] Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY. The author’s response: Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea: The application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia monitored by quantitative
[41] Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, Li T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–A review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020; 9: 727-732
[42] European Medicines Agency. EMA Gives Advice on the Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories for COVID-19. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/emagivesadvice-use-non-steroidal-antiinflammatories- covid-19 (accessed on 25 March 2020).
[43] Watkins, J. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ 2020; 368.