Edris Bazrafshan; Khosro Afsari; Nayereh Pormolaee; Mohammadali Forghani; Hamideh Khedengi; Hamideh Kord Mostafapor
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March and April 2015, , Pages 73-83
Abstract
Introduction: At present time, dental solid waste management continues to be a major challenge, particularly in most healthcare facilities of the developing world such as Iran. In this country, few studies have been conducted on dental solid waste management and its composition. In this study, hazardous ...
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Introduction: At present time, dental solid waste management continues to be a major challenge, particularly in most healthcare facilities of the developing world such as Iran. In this country, few studies have been conducted on dental solid waste management and its composition. In this study, hazardous status of dental solid waste, which has a significant role in cross-infection chain, was studied.
Materials & methods: This work is a descriptive and cross sectional study which was performed during 2013-2014. For this research, 159 publicand private dental centers in Sistan and Baluchestan province were selected and both the composition and generation rate of dental solid waste were measured. Dental solid wastes were categorized to four main categories including domestic type, potentially infectious, chemical and pharmaceutical and toxic wastes and, finally, they were analysed.
Results: The results showed that the percent of potentially infectious, domestic type, chemical and pharmaceutical and toxic wastes were 80.3, 11.7, 6.3 and 1.7%, respectively. Also, the results indicated that the dental solid waste generation rate for total waste, potentially infectious, chemical and pharmaceutical waste, domestic type and toxic waste was 169.9, 153.3, 11.2,8.6 and 3.3 g per patient per day (g/p.d), respectively. Additionally, the generation rate of dental solid waste for total waste, domestic type, potentially infectious, chemical and pharmaceutical and toxic waste was 194.5, 22.6, 156.1, 12.3 and 3.4 kg/day, respectively.
Discussion: For the best management of dental solid waste, it is suggested that source reduction, separation, reuse and recycling programs be implemented and each section of dental waste be collected and disposed separately, in agreement with related standards.
Sanaz Tabarestani; mohamad reza Noori-Daloii
Volume 17, Issue 2 , July and August 2010, , Pages 74-87
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and one out of 8 or 10 women is diagnosed with breast cancer. This type of cancer is an extremely heterogenous disease, which is classified into multiple categories including LCIS (Lobular carcinoma in situ) , DCIS (Ductal carcinoma in situ), and invasive ...
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and one out of 8 or 10 women is diagnosed with breast cancer. This type of cancer is an extremely heterogenous disease, which is classified into multiple categories including LCIS (Lobular carcinoma in situ) , DCIS (Ductal carcinoma in situ), and invasive carcinoma. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two major high-risk genes associated with hereditary breast cancer. Mutations in CHEK2 gene also contribute to a substantial fraction of familial breast cancer. Susceptibility alleles in other genes are also rare causes of breast cancer. More than 1000 mutations have been identified in BRCA1 and BRCA2, and molecular assays for detecting mutations in these genes are now well established. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 cause genomic instability, which leads to alterations in additional key genes including tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes. There is a promise of tailoring treatment programs for individual women in near future. The emergence of miRNAs as regulators of gene expression identifies them as a novel candidate for diagnostic and prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. The ability of miRNAs to simultaneously regulates many target genes and makes them attractive candidates for regulating stem cell self-renewal and cell fate decisions. The involvement of miRNAs in the initiation and progression of human malignancy holds much potential for new developments in current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of patients with breast cancer. The identification of novel miRNAs, the elucidation of their mRNA targets, and an understanding of their functional effects will improve our knowledge of the roles of these novel biomarkers in carcinogenesis, including breast cancer, and open avenues for potential therapeutic intervention.
N MEFTAH; MR RABIEI; GHR ROUSHANDEL; S BESHARAT; A JABARI; SH SEMNANI; R AZARHOUSH; N ABDOLLAHI
Volume 13, Issue 2 , July and August 2006, , Pages 74-79
Abstract
Background and Purpose: P53 gene is a tumor suppressive gene and its product, P53 protein, is a protective factor against tumor formation that inhibits the extension of genetically damaged cells. P53 aggregation in tumoral cell nucleus is related with p53 gene mutations, which can be detected by immunohistochemical ...
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Background and Purpose: P53 gene is a tumor suppressive gene and its product, P53 protein, is a protective factor against tumor formation that inhibits the extension of genetically damaged cells. P53 aggregation in tumoral cell nucleus is related with p53 gene mutations, which can be detected by immunohistochemical methods. This study was designed to investigate the protein aggregation in patients with gastric cancer in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods and materials: All paraffin-embedded blocks of gastric cancer cases during the years 2000 to 2004 in the pathology ward of the 5th Azar Hospital in Gorgan, Iran (111 cases altogether) were evaluated and stained, for detecting microtome cutting. The obtained data were entered into SPSS and chi-square was used for analysis.
Results: 111 cases with gastric cancer were investigated. The most frequent type of gastric tumor was adenocarcinoma (66.7%). In 59.5% of the affected cases, P53 protein was detected. No significant relationship was observed between P53 expression and factors such as age, gender, and histological type of the tumor.
Conclusions: In this study, P53 protein rate was high but it showed no significant relationship with other variables. We suggest further studies to discover the relationship between protein aggregation in tumor cells and other variables in affected cases.
Mokhtar Mokhtari; Esfandiar Sharifi; Shahrbanou Abbasnia
Volume 19, Issue 1 , March and April 2012, , Pages 76-84
Abstract
Background: Magnesium is a unique element among the trace elements, because it plays a role in a vast range of metabolic processes such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and the integrity of nucleic acids. Noting the role of this element in the physiological activity of organelles and tissues and the ...
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Background: Magnesium is a unique element among the trace elements, because it plays a role in a vast range of metabolic processes such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and the integrity of nucleic acids. Noting the role of this element in the physiological activity of organelles and tissues and the importance of the regulation of thyroid hormone levels in the body, this study considered the effect of esculent magnesium sulfate on the values of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing nearly 190-200 g were used. The rats were divided into five groups of eight: the experimental groups received 2, 4, and 8 molars of edible magnesium sulfate solution, respectively, while the control group received nothing. The sham group received only distilled water. The prescription was continued for 28 days and bleeding the heart was done to measure the mentioned factors of the serum. The mean concentration of the hormones was analyzed using suitable statistical methods, such as ANOVA and Tukey’s test, and compared between the control and experimental groups.
Results: The statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones increased significantly after receiving the different values of magnesium sulfate compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this investigation, magnesium sulfate in the last 28 days increased the thyroid activity leading to increased serum levels of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones.
HR BEHNAM VASHANI; H SADEGHI
Volume 14, Issue 2 , July and August 2007, , Pages 77-82
Abstract
Backgrounds and Purpose: Curren WHO strategies of dally Iron Supplementation In the second half of gestational period have not. Reduced the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women during the last decade, and the reasons could be conceived as women's rejection of iron supplementation due to its side effects. ...
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Backgrounds and Purpose: Curren WHO strategies of dally Iron Supplementation In the second half of gestational period have not. Reduced the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women during the last decade, and the reasons could be conceived as women's rejection of iron supplementation due to its side effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare daily and twice-weekly iron supplementation regimen and their effects on the pregnancy outcome and maternal hematologic changes.
Methods and Materials: The present study is a randomized clinical trial and the study population was the pregnant women admitted to four health centers in Sabzevar, Iran. The sample was 88 pregnant women randomly assigned into two groups (43 daily and 45 twice-weekly).A demographical questionnaire and a study checklist were used for data collection and the obtained data were analyzed using independent Hest, paired Hest, Pearson correlation coefficient and chi-square.
Results: The findings revealed that hemoglobin and ferritine changes were similar across the groups. Also, birth weight and gestational age were similar across the two groups and indicated no significant difference.
Conclusion: Based on the study findings, the twice-weekly regimen is recommended for iron supplementation because of similar effects, less side effects and its cost-effectiveness in comparison with the daily regimen.
Azadeh Alipoor Tabrizi; Seyyed Alireza Sadatjoo; Azadeh Ebrahimzadeh; Bahaeddin Ahrari Khafi
Volume 16, Issue 2 , July and August 2009, , Pages 79-86
Abstract
Background and Purpose: There have been variations on the response rate of microorganisms causing pyelonephritis to antibiotics in different studies. The present study was conducted to compare the drug resistance against Ceftriaxone and Cefazolin in adult acute pyelonephritis. Methods and Materials: ...
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Background and Purpose: There have been variations on the response rate of microorganisms causing pyelonephritis to antibiotics in different studies. The present study was conducted to compare the drug resistance against Ceftriaxone and Cefazolin in adult acute pyelonephritis. Methods and Materials: In this phase-3 single blind clinical trial 86 patients suffering from pyelonephritis were selected through successive sampling and were randomly assigned into one of the two groups after they signed an informed consent: Ceftriaxone 1g every 12 hours and IV Cefazolin 1g every 8 hours. Seventy two hours after the onset of treatment patients were examined for their clinical and laboratory resistance. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using chi-square test independent sample t-test and Kappa coefficient. Results: Mean fever alleviation time were 2.63±0.95 and 2.77±0.81 days in the ceftriaxone and cefazolin groups respectively (p=0.2). Urinary culture 72 hours after treatment was positive in 7% of patients in both groups. In the ceftriaxone group 51.2% of the patients were sensitive clinically and in the laboratory results. In total 9.3% were sensitive in laboratory and clinically resistant; and 39.5% were sensitive in laboratory despite being clinically resistant. With the cefazolin group 51.2% were both clinically and laboratory sensitive; and 7% were clinically and laboratory resistant; also 11.6% were sensitive in laboratory but clinically resistant; but 30.2% were clinically sensitive despite being resistant in the laboratory results. Conclusion: In the treatment of non-complicated upper urinary infections the therapeutic effect of cefazolin is not different from that of ceftriaxone which is broad spectrum and more expensive.
A SAADATI; R FROTAN; F RAEESI; SM VAFAEI
Volume 13, Issue 2 , July and August 2006, , Pages 80-85
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Diarrhea is considered as one of the mortality causes in children less than five years of age in Iran. Often it is treated with either expensive method such as IV serum therapy or less effective drugs; while it is possible to treat it with more effective and simpler methods and ...
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Background and Purpose: Diarrhea is considered as one of the mortality causes in children less than five years of age in Iran. Often it is treated with either expensive method such as IV serum therapy or less effective drugs; while it is possible to treat it with more effective and simpler methods and to reduce the number of deaths due to diarrhea. The present study is, therefore, conducted to compare the effects of oral zinc sulfate and ORS on the severity and duration of diarrhea in the rural children of Neyshabour in 1384 (2005).
Materials and Methods: This experiential study was conducted on children under five years of age admitted to selected rural Health Clinics in Neyshabour, Iran; 160 children with viral diarrhea and not taking antibiotics were taken as the study sample and divided into control (taking ORS only) and experimental (taking ORS plus zinc supplement) groups. Questionnaires were used for data collection and the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS.
Results: Acute diarrhea was the case in 83.3% of the patients. The highest frequency of excretion indication the severity before treatment was 6 times a day in 36.7% of the cases. While after treatment it was reduced to 2 times a day in 52.3% of the cases. A significant relationship was found between the severity and duration of diarrhea before and after taking zin sulfat (P
Nasim Sharif; Alireza Agha yosefi
Volume 21, Issue 1 , March and April 2015, , Pages 81-92
Abstract
Background: The use of coping strategies with stress in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, can lead to significant changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, but researchers have not empirically explored it. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between coping strategies with stress and FBS ...
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Background: The use of coping strategies with stress in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, can lead to significant changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, but researchers have not empirically explored it. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between coping strategies with stress and FBS level in CHD patients.
Materials and methods: This descriptive and correlative study was conducted in 2011. Study population was all patients who had referred to Shahid Rajaie Heart Hospital. A total of 44 CHD patients hospitalized in internal wards for women and men, and private units, whose coronary artery occlusion had been confirmed by angiography, were selected by judgmental sampling method. In this study, Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Questionnaire, and blood sugar kit (Pars Azmoon Company) were used. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression, in SPSS 17.
Results: The results showed that, there was a significant positive correlation between emotion-based coping strategies and FBS (r=0.680, P
Siyamak Mohebi; Yaser Tabaraie; Gholamreza Sharifirad; Mohammad Matlabi; Marziyeh Shahsiah
Volume 18, Issue 2 , July and August 2011, , Pages 82-90
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Lower levels of academic anxiety can motivate the educational improvement but higher degrees can be a disturbance in concentration، attention، storage، recall and educational failure. Since it affects millions of students worldwide، the present study aimed to determine the ...
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Background and Purpose: Lower levels of academic anxiety can motivate the educational improvement but higher degrees can be a disturbance in concentration، attention، storage، recall and educational failure. Since it affects millions of students worldwide، the present study aimed to determine the effect of assertiveness training on reducing anxiety level in the pre-university students in Gonabad، Iran in 2008.
Methods and Materials: In this randomized clinical trail، all pre-university students of Gonabad، Iran were invited to the study; and finally 89 students were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Data collection instruments included a 3-part questionnaire for recording demographic، academic anxiety and assertiveness (Rathus questionnaire with a validity of 0.83). The intervention for the experimental group was a 5-session course of assertiveness training based on PRECEDE model and one session for parents and teachers to help support the intervention program. Post-test was given top both groups 8 weeks after the last training session. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using paired and independent t-test، chi-square and correlation coefficient.
Results: The results showed that anxiety levels and assertiveness in the target group were moderate to high (18.14 and 108 respectively); a negative but significant relationship was found between these two factors (r =-0.69، p < 0.001). Also، the anxiety levels of the study decreased significantly، so that their anxiety score lowered from 18.87 to 8.12 (P
Abbasali Zeraati; Habibollah Esmaili; Abdolghader Assar Roodi; Mohmmad Nowroozi
Volume 15, Issue 2 , July and August 2008, , Pages 82-87
Abstract
Background and purpose: Food ingestion during hemodialysis may aggravate early side effects of hemodialysis due to hemodynamic changes. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effect of food and non-food ingestion during hemodialysis on its early symptoms. Methods and materials: This ...
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Background and purpose: Food ingestion during hemodialysis may aggravate early side effects of hemodialysis due to hemodynamic changes. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effect of food and non-food ingestion during hemodialysis on its early symptoms. Methods and materials: This clinical trial was conducted on the research population of ESRD Patients; 31 cases were selected through convenient and purposeful sampling. They were NPO during hemodialysis first and received one meal (containing 325 Kcal) one hour after the second hemodialysis started. Their blood pressure intensity of nausea and vomiting immediately before and after hemodialysis and every 30 minutes during hemodialysis were measured and recorded. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using paired and independent t-test Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients Wilcoxon and McNemar tests. Results: Blood pressure reduced 6.1±4.1 mmHg 60 minutes after hemodialysis started but in non-food hemodialysis the reduction was 1067± 2.57 mmHg and the difference was significant. Also nausea intensity after food ingestion increase in 11 patients (35.5%) but it increased in 5 cases (16.1%) after non- food hemodialysis and the difference was significant. Vomiting intensity after food ingestion increased in 8 cases (25.8%) and in 1 patient (302%) upon non-food hemodialysis the difference of which was significant. Conclusion: Food ingestion during hemodialysis causes a decline in blood pressure and increases the intensity of nausea and vomiting. Therefore food ingestion during hemodialysis should be avoided.
S AZHARI; M LOTF ALIZADEH; S PIR DADEH BEIRANVAND; MT SHAKERI
Volume 14, Issue 2 , July and August 2007, , Pages 83-88
Abstract
Background and purpose: Currently different pharmaceutical, of, and surgical, techniques are used for cervical ripening. Castor oil, one of the herbal preparations is also widely used for this purpose but few studies have been reported on its efficacy and safety. Therefore this study was conducted to ...
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Background and purpose: Currently different pharmaceutical, of, and surgical, techniques are used for cervical ripening. Castor oil, one of the herbal preparations is also widely used for this purpose but few studies have been reported on its efficacy and safety. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of castor oil on cervical ripening.
Methods and Materials: This research is a randomized control clinical trial and the study population were all term pregnant women admitted to selected health clinics in Mashad, Iran in 2003 (1382). The study involved 47 pregnant women with gestational age of 40 to 42 weeks, without regular uterine contractions, with Bishop Score of 4 or less, and with no clinical or obstetric complications. The subjects were first selected purposively and then assigned into two control and experimental groups by random allocation. The experimental group received 60cc castor oil while the control group received no intervention. Both groups were followed up for 24 hours for cervical ripening. For data collection, checklists were used for interviews, observation, examination, and fetal movements were recorded. Data analysis was done using chi-quare, Fisher’s test and independent Hest.
Results: At the outset, no significant difference was observed in the two groups Bishop score but a significant increase was observed in the Bishop score of the experimental group. A significant increase was seen in the labor initiation ratio of the experimental group but no significant differences were observed between the two groups in their mean Apgar scores and delivery method.
Conclusion: According to the finding, the application of 60cc castor oil can assist cervical ripening.
Tayyebeh Masoomi; Narges Shafaroudi; Afsoun Hasani Mehraban; Mohammad Kamali; Ramesh Omrani pour
Volume 20, Issue 1 , March and April 2013, , Pages 84-92
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer has high incidence among Iranian women and their long term survival lead to have more challenges with cancer complication. This qualitative study aimed to identify psychological responses following breast cancer. Materials and methods: A qualitative phenomenological method ...
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Background: Breast cancer has high incidence among Iranian women and their long term survival lead to have more challenges with cancer complication. This qualitative study aimed to identify psychological responses following breast cancer. Materials and methods: A qualitative phenomenological method has been designed for the study. A sample of 11 women with breast cancer by purposive sampling selected and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed verbatim,then Information have been analyzed during 5 steps using smith’s method. Results: Two main themes emerged from the interviews included basic reactions and residual reactions and The following six sub themes of despair of life, trying to find a guilty, social isolation , irritability-sensitivity, feeling incompetence and fear of disease recurrence has been determined. Conclusions: Although breast cancer is a physical disease but it has great impact on a person's mental health. Also So many psychological problems caused by breast cancer and its treatment, remains until many years after completion of therapies.
Adeleh Hashemi fard; Seyed Ehsan Saffari; Akram Ghasemi Hosseinabadi; Hamidreza Hashemifard; Majid Hashemifard
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March and April 2015, , Pages 84-92
Abstract
Background: Suicide is a huge problem in today's society. Due to the prevalence of this phenomenon especially amongyouth, this study was aimed atinvestigatingthe possible factors affecting on suicide attempts in patients of health centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.
Material and Methods: ...
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Background: Suicide is a huge problem in today's society. Due to the prevalence of this phenomenon especially amongyouth, this study was aimed atinvestigatingthe possible factors affecting on suicide attempts in patients of health centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.
Material and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. All patients who have madesuicide attemptsand referred to Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2013 were subjected as study population, and finally 242 cases among all registered cases in the Medical Records Unit of the hospital were entered to this study using the simple random sampling. SPSS 16 was used as well as the descriptive statistics and Chi-square test to analyze the data with %5 significance level.
Results: The suicide attempt cases in this study have the mean age of 25.77±9, with %45.6 of singles and %86.78 of urban. The most prevalent method in suicide attemptswas found to betheuse ofmedicine (%56.68) and the most important reason leading tosuicide attemptswas found to be the family problems (%38.02). Furthermore, the relationship between result, method, reason and the number of suicide attempts,varieswith demographic variables,obtained about%5 of significance level.
Conclusions: The results showed that lots of factors such as gender, age, marriage status, history of Psychosis, history of physical illness and history of suicide attemptsplay important roles in suicide attempt as a leading cuase of dead.
Said Ebn Said; Mahshid Forouhgan; Ahmadali Akbari Kamrani; Zia Ghaemmagham Farahani; Ahmad Delbari
Volume 19, Issue 1 , March and April 2012, , Pages 85-95
Abstract
Background: The burden of diseases in later life is high and the elderly are affected by multiple illnesses, frequently leading to hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to draw an overall picture of the clinical situation in elderly patients hospitalized for acute care.
Materials and methods: ...
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Background: The burden of diseases in later life is high and the elderly are affected by multiple illnesses, frequently leading to hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to draw an overall picture of the clinical situation in elderly patients hospitalized for acute care.
Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study performed in a three-month period in 2010 in Ahvaz Petroleum Hospital. Two hundred consecutive elderly patients admitted to the hospital were assessed for medical history, BMI, CBC, blood chemistry, and ECG, and were tested by Geriatric Depression Scale, Abbreviated Mental Test Score, Activities of Daily Living, and Informant Questionnaire of Cognitive Decline in Elderly questionnaires.
Results: Mean age of patients was 71±8 years, and 67% were female. There was a history of depression in 9%, sleep disturbance in 70%, hearing problems in 23%, vision problems in 59%, memory impairment in 20%, overweight/obesity in 74%, cancer in 9%, and pain in 36% of patients. Ischemic ECG changes, abnormal Hb, positive CRP, and abnormal BUN/Creatinine ratio were seen in 30%, 34%, 20%, and 25% of patients, respectively. Forty-nine percent were on more than five drugs and 17% were ADL-dependent. Seventy-eight percent had normal GDS score. Abnormal AMTS scores suggestive of cognitive impairment were seen in 10%. Sixty-six percent were transferred to medical wards, while 34% were transferred to surgical wards.
Conclusion: The existence of multiple simultaneous disturbances in hospitalized elderly patients necessitates proper training of physicians and medical staff for acute care services in the field of geriatric medicine.
P AZARFAM; Z KHANJANI; MA HOSSEINPOUR FEYZI; E BABAEI
Volume 13, Issue 2 , July and August 2006, , Pages 86-91
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The first chromosomal abnormality was first reported in 1959 by Lujeune and his collogues and since then, studies have suggested the relationship between chromosomal abnormalities and retarded phenotype of the affected children. Nowadays, therefore, detecting chromosomal abnormalities ...
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Background and Purpose: The first chromosomal abnormality was first reported in 1959 by Lujeune and his collogues and since then, studies have suggested the relationship between chromosomal abnormalities and retarded phenotype of the affected children. Nowadays, therefore, detecting chromosomal abnormalities is considered the primary diagnostic tool in congenital abnormalities including mental retardations. This study is, therefore, intended to compare the first-degree relatives’ karyotoype of mentally-retarded children with such abnormalities with those of normal children.
Materials and Methods: in this case - control study Blood samples were taken from 62 relatives of mentally-retarded children and 22 healthy volunteer subjects. After culturing and staining by Gimsa, the chromosomal expansions of blood lymphocytes were examined by a microscope.
Results: It was revealed that 75.8% of the experimental subjects (47 cases) had a kind of chromosomal abnormality including 44.7% structural, 25.5% numerical, and 29.78% mixed abnormalities. Also, abnormal karyotype was observed in 82.54% of parents, and 73.4% of the siblings.
Conclusion: The high percentage of abnormal karyotype in parent and siblings of the mentally-retarded subjects, in comparison with the control group, suggest their close relationship with abnormal phenotypes in the affected children. Also, the high percentage of children (73.4%) of (at least one of) parents with abnormalities may indicate the significant role of genetics and heredity in transmitting these defects. The consequence of which may be physical and mental disorders in the affected children.
Mohammadesmail Darabi; Kamran Yazarloo; Seyyed Mohammad Mireskanadari; Mostafa Sadeghi
Volume 16, Issue 2 , July and August 2009, , Pages 87-93
Abstract
Background and Purpose: As postoperative pain is inappropriately controlled in children and because narcotics are not used in children because of respiratory complications an appropriate analgesic with fewer side effects is essential. The aim of this study has been to investigate the effect of rectal ...
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Background and Purpose: As postoperative pain is inappropriately controlled in children and because narcotics are not used in children because of respiratory complications an appropriate analgesic with fewer side effects is essential. The aim of this study has been to investigate the effect of rectal diclofenac and acetaminophen or their combination on postoperative pain in children undergoing cleft palate repair. Methods and Materials: This double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 87 children undergoing cleft palate repair surgery. After obtaining informed consent they were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: rectal diclofenac (Group D) and acetaminophen (Group A) or their combination (Group A+D). Postoperative pain was measured and recorded 1 2 6 12 24 36 and 48 hours after surgery using CHOPES scale. For data analysis Smearnoff-Kolmogroff chi-square Fischer's exact test ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in SPSS. Results: According to the findings patients in Group D showed lower pain score (6.38±0.89) as compared with Group A (6.83±1.32) and Group A+D (6.5±1.12); also Group D had less opioid requirements (3 cases in Group D 26 in Group A and 24 cases in Group A+D). Patients in Group D were significantly different from those in the other two groups as for the time of first required dose of opioid in the postoperative period; mean for Group D was 2:55 hours after surgery (SD=2:44) group A 00:88 hours (SD=00:48) and Group A+D 00:85 hours (SD=1:12). Conclusion: The present research suggests that rectal diclofenac (as compared with acetaminophen or a combination of both) is a more effective medication for postoperative pain alleviation in children undergoing cleft palate repair surgery.
Saeed Vaghei; Omolbanin Mirzaee; Mohsen Koushan
Volume 17, Issue 2 , July and August 2010, , Pages 88-95
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Many studies suggest that nursing students experience high levels of stress in clinical settings. It seems that training of communicative skills can enhance the potentialities of nursing students cope with stress. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect ...
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Background and Purpose: Many studies suggest that nursing students experience high levels of stress in clinical settings. It seems that training of communicative skills can enhance the potentialities of nursing students cope with stress. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of communicative skills on the perceived stress of nursing students. Methods and Materials: This experimental study involved 26 cases and 30 controls from the population of nursing freshman participants from Mashad Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery in 2009-2010 (confidence interval 95%). Group allocation was conducted randomly. For the experimental group, a 10-hour workshop on communicative skills was provided. Data collection was done through a researcher-made questionnaire of stressors (r=0.834). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-square, Kruskall-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. Results: Mean perceived stress before training in the experimental and control groups were 43.69±22.24 and 47.03±14.36 respectively, which suggests no significant difference. However, after training, the corresponding figures came out to be 28±19.66 and 43.47±16.64 respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.002). Conclusion: The results indicated that training of communicative skills reduced the perceived stress of nursing students.
chon Li; pal Pilowsky; Akbar Pejhan
Volume 15, Issue 2 , July and August 2008, , Pages 88-97
Abstract
Background and purpose: Sympatho-excitatory neurons which originate from Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) and project to spinal cord are necessary for the maintenance of resting sympathetic tone and integration of cardiovascular reflexes. Also it is known that catecholamines substance P and somatostatin ...
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Background and purpose: Sympatho-excitatory neurons which originate from Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) and project to spinal cord are necessary for the maintenance of resting sympathetic tone and integration of cardiovascular reflexes. Also it is known that catecholamines substance P and somatostatin are involved in blood pressure modulation in the brain stem. The aim of this study was answering to the question: Is somatostatin 2A receptor (SST2A) expressed in medullary C1 neurons which have preprotachykinin A (PPT-A) mRNA and are projected to spinal cord? Methods and materials: This study was done on 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats. We used a complex of techniques such as retrograde labeling of spinally projecting neurons by injection of Cholera Toxin Beta (CTB) unit In situ Hybridization (ISH) and Immunohistochemistry to identify PPT-A mRNA and SST2A receptor expression in C1 neurons of RVLM. For data deh1ion mean ± SEM as well as percentage were used. Results: Most spinally projecting neurons in RVLM (CTB+) are C1 neurons i.e. they have Tyrosin Hydroxylase enzyme (TH+). These neurons contain PPT-A mRNA or SST2A receptors but no neurons were observed with the expression of both PPT-A mRNA and SST2A receptor. Conclusion: It seems that medulla C1 neurons which project to spinal cord and express PPT-A mRNA or SST2A receptor are two separate neuron types. They may have different modulatory effects on cardiovascular reflexes.
M ESFAHANI; L HAGH NAZARI; MR SAFARI; N SHEYKH; M KOURKI
Volume 14, Issue 2 , July and August 2007, , Pages 89-94
Abstract
Background and purpose: Oxidative stress is a reaction characterized with an imbalance between Oxidative and antiocidative agents. Lipid perocidation is one of the widely-known biological effects of oxid Oxidative stress. In hemodialysis patients, lipid peroxidation is likely to increase due to free ...
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Background and purpose: Oxidative stress is a reaction characterized with an imbalance between Oxidative and antiocidative agents. Lipid perocidation is one of the widely-known biological effects of oxid Oxidative stress. In hemodialysis patients, lipid peroxidation is likely to increase due to free radicals release from various sources. This study is therefore, intended to determine the effect of hemodialysis on lipid peroxidation changes in hemodialysis patients.
Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-analytical study, samples (17 men and 10 women) were selected through convenient sampling; they had a history of 6-12 month hemodialysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an index for lipid peroxidation, was measured by TBA standardized method. Relevant statistical tests were used for data analysis.
Results: Mean MDA before and after hemodialysis were 4.17±1.24 and 4.98±1.2 mmol/l respectively; and the difference was significant. Also, a significant difference was found to exist between male and female mean MDA before and after hemodialysis.
Conclusion: The findings revealed that oxidative stress manifests as increased lipid peroxidation after hemodialysis. Therefore, due to the important role of oxidative stress in causing and developing hemodialysis complication, appropriate measures can be taken to inhibit these reactions in order to take effective steps in patients' recovery.
immunology & Biochemistry
Mahboube Zarabi; Akram Roshan; Ezat Asgarani; Mona Pakdel; Mahsa Rouini
Volume 24, Issue 2 , May and June 2017, , Pages 89-96
Abstract
Background and aim:Cyclotides are plant polypeptides characterized by their unique cyclic cysteine knot structural motif. They are present in many plants from the Violaceae, Rubiaceae and Cucurbitaceae families. But they also have variety of biological activities, including anti-HIV, antimicrobial and ...
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Background and aim:Cyclotides are plant polypeptides characterized by their unique cyclic cysteine knot structural motif. They are present in many plants from the Violaceae, Rubiaceae and Cucurbitaceae families. But they also have variety of biological activities, including anti-HIV, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Because of their exceptional stability, they have attracted interest as a potential starting point material for protein engineering and drug design.
Materials and Methods: The aim of this study is identification of genes encoding cyclotides from V. odorata, V. occulta, and V. ignobilis. We also study antimicrobial effect of cyclotides extracted from V. ignobilis. To reach this aim extraction of cyclotide was done by fractionation and solid phase extraction methods.
Results: Findings indicate the presence of the cyclotide gene in all three plant species which studied. Examination of antimicrobial effect of partial purified cyclotide, defined S. aureus is the most susceptible bacterium among human pathogenic and X. oryzea is the most susceptible bacterium among all of studied bacteria.
Conclusion: In general, it seems that it can be used cyclotide peptide in most of the viola species because of their anti-peptide property in the pharmaceutical industry. Study of cyclotide sequences shows that despite of existence of conserved amino acids in the most of cyclotides, the differences in performance are due to sequence variation.
Mohsen Koushan; Fereshteh Golestaneh; Mohammad Seyedahmadi; Mehdi Mogharnasi; Fahimeh Keavanlou
Volume 18, Issue 2 , July and August 2011, , Pages 91-97
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Addict women face more mental problems than healthy women، and the issue is less attended. Applying inexpensive، easily accessible preventive measures like aerobic training can improve their mental health. The present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on ...
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Background and Purpose: Addict women face more mental problems than healthy women، and the issue is less attended. Applying inexpensive، easily accessible preventive measures like aerobic training can improve their mental health. The present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on the mental health of addict women in the central prison of Zahedan، Iran.
Methods and Materials: This experimental study involved the addict women in the central prison of Zahedan، Iran in 2008. Thirty addict women were randomly selected and assigned into two equal groups (15 controls and 15 experimental). The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 28) and Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire were used for Data collection. The experimental group was trained for 8 weeks، three weekly sessions of 45 minutes. Both groups completed the questionnaires before and after the 8-week training for the evaluation of their mental health status. The data were analyzed in SPSS 15 using descriptive statistics (frequency، mean and standard deviation) as well as the dependent and independent t-test.
Results: Results showed that after eight weeks of aerobic training program، symptoms significantly improved: physical symptoms (from 12.20±6.37 to 4/±53±2/83)، anxiety (from 14.47±4.50 to 4.33±2.13)، depression (from 11.67±6.78 to 3.60±3.25) and mental health (from 48.20±15.50 to 18.87±6.71) (p≤0.05). However، the social functioning of the participants did not significantly change (from 10.33±4.43 to 7.70±3.80).
Conclusion: The results indicated aerobic training had an effective role in improving the mental health of addict women.
R AMINI; SR BORZOU
Volume 13, Issue 2 , July and August 2006, , Pages 92-98
Abstract
Background and purpose: Nosocomial infections are one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity, and increases the cost and duration of hospitalization. Equipment and supplies, particularly stethoscopes, play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial infections. Therefore, care ...
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Background and purpose: Nosocomial infections are one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity, and increases the cost and duration of hospitalization. Equipment and supplies, particularly stethoscopes, play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial infections. Therefore, care must be taken in cleaning and sterilizing them. This study was mainly intended to determine the effectiveness of two solutions (isopropyl alcohol 70% and micro-10, 5%) on the bacterial infection of stethoscopes used in Malayer Hospitals in Malayer, Iran.
Methods and Materials: This interventional two-group study was conducted in Malayer Hospitals and all stethoscopes used were taken into consideration as the population was limited. Sampling was done in two stages. First, microbial samples were taken from the diaphragms. Then, every other stethoscope was assigned into separate groups: one to be sterilized with isopropyl alcohol 70% and the other with micro-10 5%. In the second stage of sampling, samples were taken from diaphragms 10 and 15 minutes after sterilization.
Results: The most common microorganism, in both groups, was found to be the negative coagulase staphylococcus. Also, it was revealed that mean colony forming unit, in the alcohol group before sterilization, was 79.3; while in the second group, it was 76.6. After disinfection, the figures amounted to 6.8 and 1.6 respectively. Statistical measures indicated that both solutions were effective in reducing the colony forming units but the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The effect of both solutions in the disinfection of the stethoscopes has been equal.
Zahra Lalehgani; SeyyedJavad Hosseini; Ali Ramshini
Volume 20, Issue 1 , March and April 2013, , Pages 93-100
Abstract
Background:The quality of teacher’s voice has an important role in understanding lessons by the students. The roughness of the Noice is the most importantsign of darynx disease and one of the reasons of the spasm of Noice is the improper usage of the of the noice the object of this study is inverstigating ...
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Background:The quality of teacher’s voice has an important role in understanding lessons by the students. The roughness of the Noice is the most importantsign of darynx disease and one of the reasons of the spasm of Noice is the improper usage of the of the noice the object of this study is inverstigating rateof knowledge and prophydaxis behaviors from dissphoie and the rate of it’s outbreak in female teachers of Yazd’s elementary school. Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive – analytie, and is done obout 280 teachers that were chosen from education areas casually. It used of questionnaire and interviewing for callectingdata. Results:The rate of dissphonie’s outbreak between the teacherswas 55.4% and the most epidemic form was stiffness of larynx. The rate of teachers’ knowledge was in average. There was a meaning full relationship between education and the rate of knowledge. Everyone that had a course of studies for associate of arts diplona and higher than it, had the higher rate of knowledge. There was a statical relationship between the age and the signs of spasm of noice also, it was seen a meaningful relationship between the employment background and prophydaxis behaviors from dissphorue. There was a direct meaningful relationship between the rate of knowledge and praphydoxis behaviors, and the teachers who had the higher rate of knowledge, choose further praphydoxis behaviors between the teachers of Yazd’s elementary schools oven though the outbreak of this farm is high and it’s suggested by holding the educating classes, the rate of knowledge and performance of the teachers have been in creased for preventing and controlling this problem.
Arezo Tabrizi; Majid Gholi pour
Volume 21, Issue 1 , March and April 2015, , Pages 93-105
Abstract
Introduction: attention to the relationship between obesity and type ΙΙ diabetes and also lack of enough data on the evaluation of obese individual’s glucose and insulin responses to different exercise intensities, the present cross sectional study aimed to examine the effects of different intensities ...
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Introduction: attention to the relationship between obesity and type ΙΙ diabetes and also lack of enough data on the evaluation of obese individual’s glucose and insulin responses to different exercise intensities, the present cross sectional study aimed to examine the effects of different intensities running on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in two levels of obesity in sedentary male students at Sharif University of Technology.
Materials & Methods: Six men in class Ι obese and five men in class ΙΙ obese ran on the treadmill with progressive intensities of 50, 60, 70, and 80% of VO2max for 10, 10, 5, and 2 minutes, respectively. Blood samples were collected before, during exercise and at 30, 60, and 120 minutes during recovery period. Repeated-measures, two-factor ANOVA, dependent and paired t-tests were used to assess both between group and intergroup differences. Statistical significance was accepted at the 5% level.
Results: Plasma glucose concentrations of both groups were unchanged until 70% and increased at 80% compare to resting values but there were observed no significant differences during recovery. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased before 60% in both groups and rose after that and significantly differed to the resting values at 80% which remained significant just half an hour after the exercise cessation.
Discussion: Considering the similar effects of running at 80% VO2max on elevation of glucose and insulin concentrations in both levels of obesity, conducting an experience on diabetic’s patients may help to find a proper manner for prevention and more effective treatment.
Saeed Hashemi Aslani; Mohammadhossein Ghaffari; Mojtaba Marashi
Volume 16, Issue 2 , July and August 2009, , Pages 94-99
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Since narcotics and benzodiazepine cannot be applied for cesarean anesthesia due to the effect of respiratory depression on the infant parturients generally experience hemodynamic changes in general anesthesia. Remifentanil is a very short-effected narcotic which can be metabolyzad ...
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Background and Purpose: Since narcotics and benzodiazepine cannot be applied for cesarean anesthesia due to the effect of respiratory depression on the infant parturients generally experience hemodynamic changes in general anesthesia. Remifentanil is a very short-effected narcotic which can be metabolyzad in the infant's body and is expected not to cause respiratory depression. Therefore the present study intends to examine the effect of remifentanil on parturients' hemodynamic changes. Methods and Materials: This clinical trial was conducted on 72 full term parturients with ASA physical status I and II who were randomly assigned into two groups. Before the induction of anesthesia the first group received 0.75 µ/gkg remifentanil followed by its infusion of 0.10 µg/kg. The second group received bolus and infusion of normal saline. Heart rate systolic diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure were measured before the induction of anesthesia before laryngoscopy as well as 1 3 5 15 and 30 minutes after intubation. For dat analysis independent sample t-test Mann Whitney U Chi-square and paired sample t-test were used in SPSS. Results: No significant differences were found between the two groups as for heart rate systolic diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure in baseline measurement (p>0.05). After remifentanil administration mean heart rate before laryngoscopy as well as 1 3 5 15 and 30 minutes after laryngoscopy were significantly lower than the placebo group. However systolic diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure were lower in the first group only on occasional minutes. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the mentioned dosage of remifentanil does not have sufficient clinical effects on controlling parturients' hemodynamic responses during general anesthesia for cesarean section.