Ahmad Reza Yari; Behrooz Dezhdar; Alireza Koohpaei; Ali Ebrahimi; Alireza Mashkoori; Mohammad Javad Mohammadi; Shahram Arsang-Jang
Volume 23, Issue 4 , September and October 2016, , Pages 600-607
Abstract
Objectives Noise pollution in urban areas is known as one of the main problems. In order to prevent its damaging effects, it is essential to measure it in towns. This study aimed to determine the noise pollution indicators in Qom, Iran.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at selected 12 stations ...
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Objectives Noise pollution in urban areas is known as one of the main problems. In order to prevent its damaging effects, it is essential to measure it in towns. This study aimed to determine the noise pollution indicators in Qom, Iran.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at selected 12 stations in the city based on the traffic density. This study was done in autumn and winter 2013. The sound Level was measured by Sound Meter (CEL-320). Also, in each station according to ISO 1996, the equivalent sound level for 15 minutes, was measured for 7 days and 27 times per day. At the same time, passing vehicles were counted. Finally, noise polllution level (NPL) and traffic noise index (TNI) indices were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS V18. One-sample t test was used for comparing mean equivalent sound level with standard value. The significant level was considered at 0.05.Results The results showed that the average equivalent sound level in all stations were higher than allowable limit. The maximum and minimum levels were recorded in Motahari Square station as 92.6 dB and Bazaar crossroad as 50.1 dB, respectively (P<0.05). The highest values of TNI and NPL indices were reported for Janbazan station. The level of noise pollution was measured at the highest value in the evening and lowest value in the morning. In addition, results showed that there were significant differences between equivalent sound level and density rate of motor vehicles (P<0.05).Conclusion According to findings, in order to control traffic noise pollution, necessary corrective measures must be considered as soon as possible.
Mohammad Fahiminia; Gharib Majidi; Hamidreza Tashee; Shahram Nazari; Behnam Vakili; Hossein Aghababaee; Vahideh Fahiminia; Ebrahim Abbasi; Hasn Izanloo
Volume 22, Issue 2 , May and June 2015, , Pages 410-418
Abstract
Background: Rural areas of Qom are encountered with problems such as water scarcity, rationing of water in summer and low quality water. The aim of this study was investigation of water consumption pattern, maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors and unaccounted for water in rural areas of Qom and ...
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Background: Rural areas of Qom are encountered with problems such as water scarcity, rationing of water in summer and low quality water. The aim of this study was investigation of water consumption pattern, maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors and unaccounted for water in rural areas of Qom and offering some strategies for optimum management of consumption.
Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive – analytical study. 15 out of 111 rural areas of Qom with certain criteria were selected which were representative of the whole areas. Water consumption pattern was determined in selected rural areas. In order to determine the amount of unaccounted for water and maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors, 3 villages of (Dastgerd, Vrjan and Toghrod) which had safe volumetric flow meters were selected. They were representatives of 15 villages. SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis.
Results: In 15 Rural areas of Qom, average domestically consumption per capita (LPCD), average general uses per capita (LPCD), average industrial and commercial per capita (LPCD) and total consumption per capita (LPCD) were 173, 4.6, 3 and 180.6, respectively. Average minimum and maximum daily factors were equal to 0.72 and 1.23 respectively. Also, average minimum and maximum hourly factors were equal to 0.63 and 2.43, respectively. The average of unaccounted for water per capita was 28.2% (71.6 LPCD).
Conclusion: Average of total consumption per capita (LPCD) and unaccounted for water were high in comparison with the standards of Ministry of Energy. In order to optimize the management of water some strategies are recommended. Strategies such as: training, reduce the water pressure in the network, use of accessories for reducing water consumption, separation of water used in green areas from sanitary uses, identifying, repairing or replacing faulty flow meters, repairing and rehabilitation of water distribution networks and reservoirs and prevention from the creation of illegally connections.
Siyamak Mohebbi; Nasim Rasouli; Zohreh GHamarizare; Azam Habashizadeh
Volume 21, Issue 1 , March and April 2015, , Pages 175-182
Abstract
Background:one of the most important groups of careers in health systems are Nurses. Their accupational moral is very crucial becuase of its effects on professional practice.furthermore,this study was condected to examin nurses’ moral and its related factors.
Materials and Methods: in this descriptive-cross ...
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Background:one of the most important groups of careers in health systems are Nurses. Their accupational moral is very crucial becuase of its effects on professional practice.furthermore,this study was condected to examin nurses’ moral and its related factors.
Materials and Methods: in this descriptive-cross sectional study the numver of 226 nurses woking at 4 educational hospitals of Qom in 2014 were selected via an available sampling method. Information were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire including 4 dimensions (cohesion and teamwork, corporate identity, communication, and job involvement) to investigate occupational moral. Data were analysed using spss software and descriptive and inferential statistics tests.
Results: the mean score of accupational moral was (03/65 04/14) from a maximum score of 135.The highest mean score dedicated to the corporate identity and job involvement. 67.3 percent (152 cases) had an average accupational moral. There was no statistically significant relationship between nurses’ accupational moral and demographic characteristics.
Conclusion: there is suggested that managers try to promote cohesion, teamwork and communication within the organization and take effective measurments to address the major causes of nurses’ low accupational moral .
Sam Hatami; Javad Tafarroji; Mohmmad Ghareh Bagloo; Alireza Jalali; Aliakbar Riyahin; Mostafa Vahedian
Volume 21, Issue 3 , July and August 2014, , Pages 386-392
Abstract
Background: Understanding the epidemiology and main leading factors of endocarditis, accelerate the process of diagnosis and treatment, and reduce mortality from this disease. This study was performed due to uncertain epidemiological situation of endocarditis in different parts of Iran, especially city ...
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Background: Understanding the epidemiology and main leading factors of endocarditis, accelerate the process of diagnosis and treatment, and reduce mortality from this disease. This study was performed due to uncertain epidemiological situation of endocarditis in different parts of Iran, especially city of Qom.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, epidemiological status of hospitalized patients with endocarditis in Qom city hospitals between 2004-2013 was reviewed. In this study, 74 patients who had duke criteria for infective endocarditis, were studied. Demographic data and the disease information were recorded on a Check list. Data collection method was the patients' hospital records. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.
Results: In this study, 74 patients, including 49 males and 25 females were studied. The patients' mean age ± SD was 28 ± 15/78. According to information obtained, age range 20-23 years with 29 patients (39/1%), was the most affected. The most common cause of hospital admission was fever with 80% (59 patients). Tricuspid valve involvement was 67.5% (29 patients). The most common underlying disease was heart diseases by as much as 44/5% (33 patients). 42/4 % (14 patients) had a history of mitral valve replacement. Among those who had positive cultures, 85/7% (12 patients) Staphylococcus aureus, and 14/2% (2 paients) Klebsiella were reported. Mortality rate was 7.5%.
Conclusion: Fever, if accompanied with a heart murmur, or a history of mitral valve replacement in young men who have had a history of intravenous drug abuse, strongly suspected endocarditis.