[1]. Goldstein AL, Slater FD, White A. Preparation, assay, and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1966; 56(3):1010-17.
[2]. Hooper JA, McDaniel MC, Thurman GB, Cohen GH, Schulof RS, Goldstein AL. Purification and properties of bovine thymosin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975; 249(1):125-44.
[3]. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, Renga G, Stincardini C, Goldstein AL, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019; 9:873.
[4]. Chen C, Li M, Yang H, Chai H, Fisher W, Yao Q. Roles of thymosins in cancers and other organ systems. World J Surg. 2005; 29(3):264-70.
[5]. Muzavir SR, Zahra SA, Ahmad A. An overview of purification, biological activities and therapeutic applications of thymosin alpha. theHealth. 2012; 3: 75-78.
[6]. Goldstein AL, Goldstein AL. From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin α1. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009; 9(5):593-608.
[7]. Li J, Liu CH, Wang FS. Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production. Peptides. 2010; 31(11):2151-8.
[8]. Tuthill CW, King RS. Thymosin Apha 1–A Peptide Immune Modulator with a Broad Range of Clinical Applications. Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2013;3(4):133.
[9]. Qin Y, Chen FD, Zhou L, Gong XG, Han QF. Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of thymosin α1 on cells are associated with manipulation of cellular ROS levels. Chem-Biol Interact. 2009; 180(3):383-8.
[10]. Fan YZ, Chang H, Yu Y, Liu J, Wang R. Thymosin α1 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines. Peptides. 2006; 27(9):2165-73.
[11]. Moody TW. Thymosin α1 as a chemopreventive agent in lung and breast cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1112(1):297-304.
[12]. King RS, Tuthill C. Evaluation of thymosin α 1 in nonclinical models of the immune-suppressing indications melanoma and sepsis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015; 15(sup1):41-9.
[13]. 1Kharazmi‐ Khorassani J, Asoodeh A. Thymosin alpha1; a natural peptide inhibits cellular proliferation, cell migration, the level of reactive oxygen species and promotes the activity of antioxidant enzymes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (A549). Environ Toxicol. 2019; 34(8):941-949.
[14]. Lao X, Liu M, Chen J, Zheng H. A tumor-penetrating peptide modification enhances the antitumor activity of thymosin alpha 1. PloS one. 2013; 8(8):e72242.
[15]. Lao X, Li B, Liu M, Shen C, Yu T, Gao X, et al. A modified thymosin alpha 1 inhibits the growth of breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo: suppressment of cell proliferation, inducible cell apoptosis and enhancement of targeted anticancer effects. Apoptosis. 2015; 20(10):1307-20.
[16]. Wang F, Yu T, Zheng H, Lao X. Thymosin Alpha1-Fc modulates the immune system and down-regulates the progression of melanoma and breast cancer with a prolonged half-life. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1):12351.
[17]. Shen X, Li Q, Wang F, Bao J, Dai M, Zheng H, et al. Generation of a novel long-acting thymosin alpha1-Fc fusion protein and its efficacy for the inhibition of breast cancer in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 108:610-7.
[18]. Shen X, Wang L, Xu C, Yang J, Peng R, Hu X, et al. Fusion of thymosin alpha 1 with mutant IgG1 CH3 prolongs halflife and enhances antitumor effects in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019; 74:105662. [19]. Bo C, Wu Q, Zhao H, Li X, Zhou Q. Thymosin α1 suppresses migration and invasion of PD-l1 highexpressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells via inhibition of sTaT3–MMP2 signaling. OncoTargets Ther. 2018; 11:7255.
[20]. Ghodsi-Moghadam B, Asoodeh A. The impact of Brevinin2R peptide on oxidative statues and antioxidant enzymes in human epithelial cell line of A549. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2019; 25(3):1065-74. [21]. Armutcu F, Coskun Ö, Gürel A, Kanter M, Can M, Ucar F, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 attenuates lipid peroxidation and improves fructose-induced steatohepatitis in rats. Clin Biochem. 2005; 38(6):540-7. [22]. Qiu L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Liang J, Liu J, Ji C, et al. Intraperitoneal co-administration of thymosin α-1 ameliorates streptozotocin-induced pancreatic lesions and diabetes in C57BL/6 mice. Int J Mol Med. 2009; 23(5):597602.
[23]. Kharazmi-Khorassani J, Asoodeh A, Tanzadehpanah H. Antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of thymosin alpha-1 (Thα1) peptide. Bioorg Chem. 2019; 87:743-52. [24]. King R, Tuthill C. Immune modulation with thymosin alpha 1 treatment. Vitam Horm. 2016; 102:151-178.
[25]. Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, Bozza S, Montagnoli C, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin α 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004; 103(11):4232-9.
[26]. Effros RB, Casillas A, Walford RL. The effect of thymosin alpha 1 on immunity to influenza in aged mice. Aging. 1988; 1:31-40.
[27]. Ni C, Wu P, Wu X, Zhang T, Liu Y, Wang Z, et al. Thymosin alpha1 enhanced cytotoxicity of iNKT cells against colon cancer via upregulating CD1d expression. Cancer Lett. 2015; 356(2):579-88.
[28]. Yao W, Zhu Q, Yuan Y, Qiao M, Zhang Y, Zhai Z. Thymosin alpha 1 improves severe acute pancreatitis in rats via regulation of peripheral T cell number and cytokine serum level. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22(11):1866-71.
[29]. Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, ArgawDenboba A, Macchi B, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017; 12(2):141-55.
[30]. D'Agostini C, Palamara AT, Favalli C, Sivilia M, Febbraro G, Bue C, et al. Efficacy of combination therapy with amantadine, thymosin α1 and α/β interferon in mice infected with influenza A virus. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1996; 18(2):95-102.
[31]. Xiang XS, Li N, Zhao YZ, Li QR, Li JS. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha1 and dexamethasone helps mice survive sepsis. Inflammation. 2014; 37(2):402-16.
[32]. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68(6):394424.
[33]. Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, et al. Large randomized study of Thymosin α 1, Interferon Alfa, or both in combination with Dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28(10):1780-7.
[34]. An TT, Liu XY, Fang J, Wu MN. Primary assessment of treatment effect of thymosin alpha1 on chemotherapyinduced neurotoxicity. Chin J Cancer. 2004; 23(11 Suppl):1428-30.
[35]. Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, Rustgi V, Rios I. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2009; 3(3):480-9.
[36]. Fang SJ, Zheng LY, Zhao ZW, Fan XX, Xu M, Ji JS. Effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with thymosin alpha 1 on the autophagy of immune cells from advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. National Medical Journal of China. 2017; 97(25):1942-6.
[37]. Shuqun C, Mengchao W, Han C, Feng S, Jiahe Y, Wenming C, et al. Antiviral therapy using lamivudine and thymosin alpha1 for hepatocellular carcinoma coexisting with chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepato-gastroenterology. 2006; 53(68):249-52.
[38]. Liang YR, Guo Z, Jiang JH, Xiang BD, Li LQ. Thymosin α1 therapy subsequent to radical hepatectomy in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective controlled study. Oncol Lett. 2016; 12(5):3513-8.
[39]. Iino S, Toyota J, Kumada H, Kiyosawa K, Kakumu S, Sata M, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha‐ 1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial. J Viral Hepatitis. 2005; 12(3):3006.
[40]. Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, Zavaglia C, Rezakovic I, Altomare E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of thymosin‐α1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen antibody—and hepatitis B virus DNA—positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1996; 24(4):774-7.
[41]. Zhang Z, He P, Zhou Y, Xie X, Feng S, Sun C. Anti HBV effect of interferon thymosin α1 recombinant proteins in transgenic Dunaliella salina in vitro and in vivo. Exp Ther Med. 2018; 16(2):517-22.
[42]. Wu X, Shi Y, Zhou J, Sun Y, Piao H, Jiang W, et al. Combination of entecavir with thymosin alpha-1 in HBVrelated compensated cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter randomized open-label study. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018; 18(sup1):61-9.
[43]. Ciancio A, Andreone P, Kaiser S, Mangia A, Milella M, Sola R, et al. Thymosin alpha‐ 1 with peginterferon alfa2a/ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C not responsive to IFN/ribavirin: an adjuvant role?. J Viral Hepatitis. 2012; 19:52-9.
[44]. Kullavanuaya P, Treeprasertsuk S, Thong-Ngam D, Chaermthai K, Gonlachanvit S, Suwanagool P. The combined treatment of interferon alpha-2a and thymosin alpha 1 for chronic hepatitis C: the 48 weeks end of treatment results. J Med Assoc Thai. 2001; 84:S462-8.
[45]. Abbas Z, Hamid SS, Tabassum S, Jafri W. Thymosin alpha 1 in combination with interferon alpha and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients who are non-responders or relapsers to interferon alpha plus ribavirin. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004; 54(11):571-4.
[46]. Poo JL, Ávila FS, Kershenobich D, Samper XG, TorresIbarra R, Góngora J, et al. Efficacy of triple therapy with thymalfasin, peginterferon α-2a, and ribavirin for the treatment of hispanic chronic HCV nonresponders. Ann Hepatol. 2008; 7(4):369-75.
[47]. Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, Margotti M, Ferri E, Talarico S, et al. In vitro effect of thymosin‐α1 and interferon‐α on Th1 and Th2 cytokine synthesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepatitis. 2001; 8(3):194-201.
[48]. Gonzalez SM, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. Role of Different Subpopulations of CD8+ T Cells during Hiv exposure and infection. Front Immunol. 2017; 8:936.
[49]. Garaci E, Rocchi G, Perroni L, D’Agostini C, Soscia F, Grelli S, et al. Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin alpha 1 and interferon-alpha in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Clin Lab Res 1994; 24(1):23–8.
[50]. Chadwick D, Pido‐ Lopez J, Pires A, Imami N, Gotch F, Villacian JS, et al. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin α 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV‐ infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003; 134(3):477-81.
[51]. Lambert JS, Machado ES, Watson DC, Sill AM, Lim JK, Charurat M, et al. Production of the HIV-Suppressive Chemokines CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL22/MDC Is Associated with More Effective Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007; 26(10):935-44.
[52]. Bozza S, Gaziano R, Bonifazi P, Zelante T, Pitzurra L, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin α1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo. Int Immunol. 2007 5; 19(11):1261-70.
[53]. Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Pollicita M, Balestrieri E, Grelli S, D’Ettorre G, et al. Thymosin α 1 potentiates the release by CD8+ cells of soluble factors able to inhibit HIV-1 and human T lymphotropic virus 1 infection in vitro. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015; 15(sup1):83-100.
[54]. Li CH, Wang CH, Meng QH, Ye SL, Wang XJ, Jiang C. Effect of the thymosin alpha, on immune function in aged chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute period. Chin J Hosp Pharm. 2007; 27(5):637.
[55]. Zheng BX, Cheng DY, Xu G, Fan LL, Yang Y, Yang W. The prophylactic effect of thymosin alpha 1 on the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition. 2008; 39(4):588-90.
[56]. Ji SM, Li LS, Sun QQ, Chen JS, Sha GZ, Liu ZH. Immunoregulation of thymosin α 1 treatment of cytomegalovirus infection accompanied with acute respiratory distress syndrome after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2007; 39(1):115-119.
[57]. Huang DP, Yang M, Peng WP, Chen XS, Chen ZQ. Prevention and management of lung infections with thymosin alpha1 in critical patients with tracheotomy. JSMU. 2006; 26(1):128-9.
[58]. Li P, Xu LH, Zhang Q. Treatment of drug-resistant Pseudomonas auroginosa pneumonia in elderly patients by using thymosin alpha 1 with sulperazone. Chin J Nosocomial. 2007;17:1271-3.
[59]. Qiu ZL, Wang ZJ, Huang JK, Dou HH, Zhen CM, Cheng F. The Effect of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Severe Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. West Indian Med J. 2018; 67(3):238242.
[60]. Shuangquan L, Jianzhong W, Hongfeng L, Gang L, Wenli S, Caiyun G, et al. Combination of thymosin α1 with conventional therapy improves APC and IL-1R1 levels in children with severe pneumonia. Trop J Pharm Res. 2018;17(10):2093-9.
[61]. Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Mechelli R, Buscarinu MC, et al. Thymosin-α1 expands deficient IL-10producing regulatory B cell subsets in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler J. 2018; 24(2):127-39.
[62]. Yang X, Chen Y, Zhang J, Tang T, Kong Y, Ye F, et al. Thymosin α1 treatment reduces hepatic inflammation and inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with acute liver failure. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(4):3231-8.
)