Microbiology
Kimia Saremi; Zahra Dehghani; Mahmood Vakili; Maryam Sadeh
Volume 31, Issue 1 , March and April 2024, , Pages 34-47
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent infectious conditions affecting individuals in their youth and middle age. The increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the growing resistance to these drugs emphasize the necessity of understanding bacterial resistance patterns in the ...
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Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent infectious conditions affecting individuals in their youth and middle age. The increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the growing resistance to these drugs emphasize the necessity of understanding bacterial resistance patterns in the context of treatment. This study aimed to identify the resistance patterns of bacteria causing UTIs in patients attending two medical diagnostic and treatment centers in Yazd, Iran.Materials and Methods: Conducted for one year (2018), this descriptive-cross-sectional study involved analyzing 3563 samples of UTI agents collected from the microbiology department of the Central Diagnostic Laboratory and Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd. Identification of isolated bacteria utilized phenotypic methods, and antibiotic resistance assessments were performed using the disk diffusion method.Results: Among 3563 positive isolates, 80.4% originated from outpatients, while 19.6% were from inpatients. The most prevalent bacteria causing UTIs in both centers were Escherichia coli (57.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.1%), Streptococcus agalactiae (7%), and Acinetobacter (0.2%). Escherichia coli isolates exhibited the highest antibiotic resistance, particularly against amoxicillin-clavulanate (62.9%) and nalidixic acid (61.9%). In hospitalized patients, resistance to ampicillin (86%) and cotrimoxazole (72%) was notable, with over half of these isolates displaying ESBL positivity.Conclusion: Given the varying distribution of antibiotic resistance among UTI-causing isolates in both inpatient and outpatient settings, understanding antibiotic resistance patterns in diagnostic-treatment centers across diverse geographical areas is imperative.
Microbiology
Shahram Jalilian; Nahid Omidi; Azarakhsh Azaran; Manoochehr Makvandi; Gholamreza Khataminia; Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
Volume 30, Issue 6 , January and February 2024, , Pages 681-690
Abstract
Introduction: Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis is an acute ocular infectious disorder often associated with Human Adenovirus Type D8 (HAdV-D8). E1A and E1B are adenoviral proteins that play a crucial role in initiating adenoviral infection and binding to cellular p53. This study aimed to analyze genomic ...
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Introduction: Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis is an acute ocular infectious disorder often associated with Human Adenovirus Type D8 (HAdV-D8). E1A and E1B are adenoviral proteins that play a crucial role in initiating adenoviral infection and binding to cellular p53. This study aimed to analyze genomic diversity in E1A and HAdV-D8 E1B genes in patients with adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis.Materials and Methods: Samples of 5 patients with adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis were cultured on A549 cell line for 48 to 72 hours until the appearance of CPE. The E1 gene region was amplified by PCR and sequenced to investigate mutations.Results: The Ahvaz strain showed the highest similarity to Japanese and American HAdV-D8 and HAdV-D54 strains in E1A and E1B genes. No significant mutation was found in the E1A gene. However, in the E1B gene, an amino acid substitution of serine to phenylalanine occurred. Another mutation converting CTG to GTG in E1B 55KD was observed only in two samples. The analysis with BLOSUM62 matrix confirmed that the replacement of valine with leucine is more likely than the substitution of serine and phenylalanine, which have hydrophobic properties and higher molecular weight.Conclusion: In this study, E1A and E1B gene sequences of HAdV-D8 strain exhibited high conservation. Investigating these strains and their mutations in the human population could be valuable for determining the evolutionary capacity and pathogenicity of the virus.
Microbiology
haniyeh bashi fakhar; Foroogh Eshaghi kojor; Masoud Ghane; javad Shokri
Volume 29, Issue 5 , November and December 2022, , Pages 655-668
Abstract
Introduction: Streptococcus galloliticus is one of the bacteria associated with colorectal cancer in humans. No studies have been performed to identify this bacterium in the large intestine using PCR test and compare it with microbial culture in patients undergoing colonoscopy in northern Iran.
Materials ...
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Introduction: Streptococcus galloliticus is one of the bacteria associated with colorectal cancer in humans. No studies have been performed to identify this bacterium in the large intestine using PCR test and compare it with microbial culture in patients undergoing colonoscopy in northern Iran.
Materials and Methods: In a descriptive study to diagnose Streptococcus gallolyticus, biopsy specimens were obtained from 55 individuals undergoing colonoscopy referred to Babol and Chalous hospitals. To detect bacteria after DNA extraction, first designed primers (PCO3, PCO4) were used to qualitatively analyze the extracted DNA and then the specific gene of Streptococcus gallolyticus was amplified. In addition to culture, diagnostic tests such as gram staining, catalase test, hydrolase, hydrate hydrolysis and scolin hydrolysis were used.
Results: In this descriptive study, out of 55 biopsy specimens of individuals undergoing colonoscopy, 3 specimens (5.5%) with 95% confidence interval were positive and 52 cases (5.94%) were negative for Streptococcus gallolyticus DNA. There was a significant relationship between the two diagnostic methods of culture and PCR (p.value 0.015).
Conclusion: The simultaneous application of the two methods is recommended in cases where the result is rapid.
Microbiology
Aidin Azizpour
Volume 29, Issue 1 , May and June 2022, , Pages 101-114
Abstract
Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, is currently a global health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the drug resistance pattern of E coli strains isolated from broiler poultry of Ardabil city to common twenty antibiotics in the Iran.Materials ...
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Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, is currently a global health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the drug resistance pattern of E coli strains isolated from broiler poultry of Ardabil city to common twenty antibiotics in the Iran.Materials and Methods: Five carcasses were randomly selected from 24 broiler flocks with clinical signs of colibacillosis and sampled from liver and heart using sterile swabs. After culture and isolation, colonies were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method based on CLSI guidelines with antibiotics from various groups.Results: From 120 samples examined, E. coli was isolated in 111 cases (92.5%). The highest antibiotic resistance was in tetrayclin (100%), chlortetracycline (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), oxytetracycline (97.30%), flomequine (94.60%), tylosin (86.47%), difloxacin (83.78%), doxycycline(82.89%), neomycine (81.08%), and sulphamethoxazole+ terimethoprime (74.77%), respectively. The most sensitivity was seen in antibiotics ceftifour (100%), cefixime (89.19%), gentamicin (80.19%) and lincospectin (72.07%), respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance was in all isolates.Conclusions: The results of this study show the highest rate of drug resistance was observed to common antibiotics in the Iranian poultry industry. This can be due to excessive use of antibiotics in poultry farms. These findings are important for public health and health of human societies.Key words: Escherichia coli, multiple antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Microbiology
Hanieh Bayat; Reza Habibipour; Narges Ghobadi; Fatemeh Golipour
Volume 28, Issue 5 , November and December 2021, , Pages 713-727
Abstract
Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and of the most important cause of infectious diseases. The prevalence of these infections, as well as the increase of antibiotic-resistant species, has become a solicitous issue. Using nanoparticles to combat bacterial infections ...
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Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and of the most important cause of infectious diseases. The prevalence of these infections, as well as the increase of antibiotic-resistant species, has become a solicitous issue. Using nanoparticles to combat bacterial infections can replace antibiotics. In this study, the antibacterial properties of doped silver nanoparticles on Iron oxide nanocrystal on isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria from nosocomial infection was studied.
Materials and Methods: Firstly, Nanoparticles were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method and were prepared at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm to determine bactericidal properties. The effect of nanoparticles on isolated and standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis at 24, 48 and 72 hours were investigated by microplate titer. Data were analyzed by SPSS -18 software at a 0.01 margin of error.
Results: The results showed that time, bacterial type and concentration factors had a significant effect on the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis, though the concentration and type of bacterial variables had more significant effects. The most antibacterial effect of doped silver nanoparticles on iron oxide nanocrystals was at 100ppm concentration over a 48-hour time on standard isolate.
Conclusion: Doped Silver nanoparticles on Iron nanocrystals affect the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and reduce its growth rate. This effect, in comparison to the effects of silver nanoparticles in a single state, which has already been investigated by researchers, is far more advanced and the combination of Metal nanoparticles together cause to improve their effectiveness.
Microbiology
Shima Firozi Rad; Reza Habibipour; Leila Moradi Haghgou
Volume 28, Issue 4 , September and October 2021, , Pages 489-501
Abstract
Introduction: Candida albicans is the most common fungus pathogen in terms of biofilm colonization and formation. Considering that the biofilm-producing Candida species show less sensitivity to anti-fungus medicines, hence the treatment should be accomplished through other anti-fungus factors with high ...
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Introduction: Candida albicans is the most common fungus pathogen in terms of biofilm colonization and formation. Considering that the biofilm-producing Candida species show less sensitivity to anti-fungus medicines, hence the treatment should be accomplished through other anti-fungus factors with high effect and low cytotoxicity. In parallel with this, the present study investigated the C. albicans biofilm formation in the presence of Graphene Dioxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nano-sheets. Materials and Methods: Graphene Dioxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nano-sheets synthesis were done through the Hummer Method using natural graphite. After 24 hours of incubating of C. albicans with different concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm of Nano-sheets, biofilm formation was investigated through the ELISA method, and results were analyzed by SPSS ver.18 software (p <0.01). Results: Graphene Oxide Nano-sheets was more effective to control C. albicans biofilm compared to Reduced Graphene Oxide (p < 0.01). The most effective concentration in biofilm formation was 100 ppm and the best time was 48 and 24 hours for Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, Graphene Oxide Nano-sheets and Reduced Graphene Oxide can be proposed for further investigations to control Candida albicans.
Microbiology
Elaheh Tasallot Maraghi; Nasim Kashef; Ahmad Reza Gohari; Zahra Fekrirad
Volume 28, Issue 4 , September and October 2021, , Pages 556-568
Abstract
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria in humans. Due to the antibiotic resistance, treatment of staphylococcal infections is difficult. Among the alternative treatment options, plants are considered as a rich source of material with antimicrobial activity. ...
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Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria in humans. Due to the antibiotic resistance, treatment of staphylococcal infections is difficult. Among the alternative treatment options, plants are considered as a rich source of material with antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate of the antimicrobial effects of ethyl acetatic, methanolic and water-methanolic extracts from Satureja khuzistanica, Peganum harmala, Satureja sahendica onplanktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus.
Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared from different parts of plants and the antimicrobial properties of the extracts were determined by disk diffusion and microbroth dilution method. Also, Crystal violet staining assay was used to evaluate the ability to inhibit biofilm formation of S. aureus strains. Disruption of pre-formed biofilms of S. aureus strains were evaluated following exposure to plant extracts in different concentrations (ranging from 3/125 to 400mg/ml).
Results: The highest inhibitory zones were showed by ethyl acetatic extract of Satureja sahendica (28/6±0.6mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ethyl acetatic extract of S.khuzistanica were 1/562 and 3/125mg/ml, respectively. Besides, methanolic extract of S. khuzistanica was the most effective extract in inhibition of microbial cells attachment to surface (57/89%) and it showed disruption of pre-formed biofilms at the concentration of 50 mg/ml.
Conclusion: The extracts of all mentioned plants had satisfactory antimicrobial effects against the planktonic growth of S. aureus and methanolic extract of S. khuzistanica was effective against biofilm formation of S. aureus.
Microbiology
sima nobari; Ezzat Nourizadeh
Volume 28, Issue 3 , May and June 2021, , Pages 449-456
Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a disease in tropical regions, that includes a wide range of clinical protests, from skin lesions to fatal visceral infections. A2 gene is accounted as one of the most reliable genetic factors cause visceral form. This gene is a single copy without functional expression ...
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Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a disease in tropical regions, that includes a wide range of clinical protests, from skin lesions to fatal visceral infections. A2 gene is accounted as one of the most reliable genetic factors cause visceral form. This gene is a single copy without functional expression in the species causing skin form of the disease such as L. major and L. tropica. The aim of our study is to evaluate A2 gene sequence in the strains that cause skin form of disease and compare it with other exception strains of the Leishmania tropica strains in Iran.
Materials and Methods: Leishmania species were detected using ITS1 and ITS2. The parasites were injected into BALB/c mice and monitored of footpad inflammation in BALB/c mice. after a certain period of time the mice were killed and their visceral organs were examined for the presence of parasites. Finally, A2 gene sequence analyzed.
Results: A2 gene in a strain causing visceral form was different to a gel electrophoresis pattern of skin form causing strains. Also, the gel electrophoresis pattern of A2 gene in strains causing skin form was different to previous reports of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Conclusion: The results of this recent experiment showed that the gel electrophoresis pattern of A2 gene in especial strains causing viseral form was similar to previous reports of visceral leishmaniasis. It seems that this gene may play an important role in the visceral ability of specific strains of Leishmania tropica.
Microbiology
Mojtaba Fattahi Abdizadeh; Zahra Pakize Moghaddam; Alireza Ghorbani; Mohammad Hasan Rabiee; Hamed Goklani; Ramin Shahraini
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 100-104
Microbiology
Mahdieh Emadi; Javid Taghinejad; Ayda Ghaffarzadeh
Volume 27, Issue 5 , November and December 2020, , Pages 614-619
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus that can be transmitted from person to person through close contact. The aim of the present study is to investigate new information in the field of COVID-19 immunology. Materials and Methods: The present ...
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Introduction: COVID-19 is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus that can be transmitted from person to person through close contact. The aim of the present study is to investigate new information in the field of COVID-19 immunology. Materials and Methods: The present study uses Google and Google Scholar search engines and articles indexed by reputable international scientific databases including Pub Med, MedLine, and the World Health Organization (WHO). In this study, published articles about COVID-19 and field of immunology were reviewed, and articles that did not have free access (Open Acess) and only access to abstracts were excluded from the study. Results: In total, studies have been suggested that the amount of cytokines such as IL-10, IL-7, IL-2, G-CSF, and TNF-α has been reported at high levels in patients. The ACE2 receptor is the target receptor for the Covid-19 virus, which binds to it after entering the lungs then IFN-I inhibit the primary replication and inhibition of the virus. Conclusion: After reviewing the articles, it was found that strengthening the immune system against viral infections is very important. The virus weakens the immune system by disrupting the production of type I interferon and reducing expression in the production of MHC-I, II. One of the best ways to fight COVID-19 is to get the right vaccine to boost immune system and produce T cells and cytokines.
Microbiology
Neda Jafarian; Abbas Akhavan Sepahi; Nafiseh Sadat Naghavi; Farzaneh Hosseini; Jamileh Nowroozi
Volume 27, Issue 5 , November and December 2020, , Pages 622-628
Abstract
Introduction: Management of antimicrobial-resistant Acinetobacter baumanni is a great challenge for clinical microbiologist. Whereas use the predatory bacteria is the best way to treat infection diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the aim of this study was to use the autochthonous ...
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Introduction: Management of antimicrobial-resistant Acinetobacter baumanni is a great challenge for clinical microbiologist. Whereas use the predatory bacteria is the best way to treat infection diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the aim of this study was to use the autochthonous Bdellovibrio potential to prey Acinetobacter baumannii as a biological control agent.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effect of autochthonous Bdellovibrio on Acinetobacter baumannii, as a biological control agent, plaque perdition assay, reduction in optical density (OD) and reduction in host cells viability by colony forming unit (CFU) counting in cocultures after 0,24, 48 hours and assay of killing efficiency were carried out.
Results: Clear plaques were observed after 3-6 days of incubation. In co-cultures, the CFU enumeration of Acinetobacter baumannii was decreased after 48 hours. Also, after 48 hours, OD was decreased 0.7unit. In this research the efficiency ofBdellovibriokilling for Acinetobacter baumannii was 83%.
Conclusion: Base on the results, Bdellovibrio can prey Acinetobacter baumannii as a prey cell. Therefore utilize of Bdellovibrio spp., as biological control agent, for treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection suggested in future study.
Microbiology
behboud jafari; Alireza monadi sefidan
Volume 27, Issue 2 , July and August 2020, , Pages 163-171
Abstract
Background and Objective: In recent years, the drug resistance and side effects of antimicrobial drugs have increased in the treatment of infections. Therefore, the use of new herbal medicines with less side effects and nanotechnology in the medical arena can be a great help in treating these types of ...
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Background and Objective: In recent years, the drug resistance and side effects of antimicrobial drugs have increased in the treatment of infections. Therefore, the use of new herbal medicines with less side effects and nanotechnology in the medical arena can be a great help in treating these types of infections. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of silver nanoparticles and methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis on four strains of pathogens bacterial .Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-laboratory study, the plant was identified as a plant of C.officinalis, based on herbological characteristics in the Herbarium section of Azad University, Ahar Branch. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of methanolic extract of C.officinalis were studied by Soxhlet extractor method at concentrations of 20 mg / ml to 400 mg / ml of methanolic extract and 10 to 80 μg / ml concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Then, their antibacterial effects were investigated using well-diffusion and dilution methods.Results: The findings showed that methanolic extract of C.officinalis prevents the growth of S.aureus, B.cereus and E.coli. While the inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on P.aeruginosa and E.coli bacteria is more than gram-positive bacteria. The effect of the combination of C.officinalis extract and silver nanoparticles was much greater than the effect of each of them.Conclusion: The results showed that the flower extract of the C.officinalis has an antibacterial effect. Therefore, this extract can be a good option for future studies in In Vivo to provide antibacterial drugs.
Microbiology
Mahsa Amirani; Shiva Khalil moghadam; Kumarss Amini
Volume 27, Issue 1 , May and June 2020, , Pages 48-54
Abstract
Backgeround: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen and is one of the most important bacteria involved in hospital infections.The broad spectrum of beta-lactatmase is increasing worldwide. Antibiotics of β-lactams are among the most common antimicrobial agents in controlling and treating ...
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Backgeround: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen and is one of the most important bacteria involved in hospital infections.The broad spectrum of beta-lactatmase is increasing worldwide. Antibiotics of β-lactams are among the most common antimicrobial agents in controlling and treating bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the CTX-M-2, CTX-M-8 and CMY-2 genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing broad-spectrum ß-lactamase isolated from Tehran hospitals.Methods: In present study, 60 samples were collected from different hospitals in Tehran and were identified by biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using CLSI absolute diffusion method. Also, To detect beta-lactamases, double-synergistic test was used. the multiplex-PCR was utilized to detect beta-lactamase genes.Results: In this study, the highest resistance to ampicillin antibiotics was determined .Also, the highest sensitivity to antibiotic amikacin was .Among 60 samples, 33 samples contained the CMY-2 gene, 8 samples contained the CTX-M-2 gene and 25 samples contained the CTX-M-8 gene.The results of the investigationon the basis of SPSS software showed that the relationship between the studied genes and antibiotic resistance is significant.(p value
Microbiology
Zahra Keyvanlou; Abdul Hamid Shoushtari
Volume 27, Issue 1 , May and June 2020, , Pages 83-92
Abstract
The H9N2 influenza virus is of great importance due to the wide range of hosts due to gene rearrangement, which facilitates the possibility across of the Inter-species barrier. This study demonstrates useful information on the homogeneity of the H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus in Iran with other ...
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The H9N2 influenza virus is of great importance due to the wide range of hosts due to gene rearrangement, which facilitates the possibility across of the Inter-species barrier. This study demonstrates useful information on the homogeneity of the H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus in Iran with other influenza viruses in Pakistani and Israeli birds for years to come, which emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance of the influenza virus genes and the evolution of strains of the strains in the region. The present study was conducted on the 10 isolates NS gene sequence of the H9N2 influenza virus strain from 2007-2016. After amplification by RT-PCR and genome extraction, the genes were completely Sequencing (it was carried out with the same primer used for gene amplification) and then phylogenetic analysis. All of these 10 isolates were included in allele A under the Korean lineage with amino acid motif KSEI in the PDZ ligand, which shows the similarity of Pakistani virus genes to C of Iran. H9N2 viruses are not highly pathogenic, But by transferring to mammalian species like humans, they cause mild illness .These viruses, in addition to connecting to poultry receptors, have the ability to connect to receptors similar to human type strains with changes in amino acids.
Microbiology
Zohreh Ahmadiyan fard; Amin Moazami
Volume 26, Issue 6 , March and April 2020, , Pages 789-795
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium are the most important opportunistic pathogens in the female reproductive system and the causative agent of the pelvic infection, non-gonococcal urethritis, abortion and infertility. The aim of this study was to frequency of ...
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Background and Objectives: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium are the most important opportunistic pathogens in the female reproductive system and the causative agent of the pelvic infection, non-gonococcal urethritis, abortion and infertility. The aim of this study was to frequency of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum among infertile women with vaginal infection by PCR in Kerman. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the endo cervical swab sample from 60 women with vaginal infection (vaginitis and cervicitis) referred to the diagnostic laboratories of infertility treatment centers in Kerman in 2013 was prepared. The specimens were transferred to the laboratory in the transport medium and the DNA extracted from the specimens was analyzed as a template for amplification of the 16S rRNA encoding gene in the PCR reaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS V.21 software.Results: Among 60 samples, 38% (23sample) of the samples had mycoplasma contamination and Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium bacteria were found in 13.32% (8 sample) and 11.6% (7 sample) of patients, respectively.Conclusion: Considering the potential effects of mycoplasmas on the complications of infection in maternal pregnancies and infant mortality, Therefore, the need for rapid diagnosis of this infection is felt more than ever. From the two microbial agents studied in this study, the possibility of infertility caused by infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum increased significantly, but more studies are needed
Microbiology
Morteza Yazdani; Fereshteh Jookar Kashi; Akram Rahimi-Moghaddam
Volume 26, Issue 5 , November and December 2019, , Pages 555-565
Abstract
Background: Considering the adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, anticancer drugs and antibiotics on human health, in this study, bioactivities of Mentha longifolia essential oils collected from Marivan and Qaza An were examined and compared with each other for identification a natural alternative ...
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Background: Considering the adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, anticancer drugs and antibiotics on human health, in this study, bioactivities of Mentha longifolia essential oils collected from Marivan and Qaza An were examined and compared with each other for identification a natural alternative of synthetic antioxidants, anticancer drugs and antibiotics.Materials and Methods: Essential oil of M. longifolia leaves and stems collected from Marivan and Qaza An was prepared using solvent-free microwave extraction method. The essential oil components were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of the essential oils were determined via β–carotene bleaching assay and brine shrimp lethality test, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method and by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration.Results: The main components of M. longifolia essential oil collected from Marivan were pulegone (81.45%) and isopulegol (8.39%) and the main components of M. longifolia essential oil collected from Qaza An were pulegone (48.29%) and piperitenone oxide (23.53%). The inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation by M. longifolia essential oils collected from Marivan, Qaza An and BHT were 80.02%, 78.59% and 95.50%, respectively. The LC50 of the M. longifolia essential oils collected from Marivan, Qaza An and vincristine sulfate were 53.47μg/ml, 55.96 μg/ml and 0.751 μg/ml, respectively. M. longifolia essential oils had good antimicrobial activity, especially against gram-positive bacteria.Conclusion: M. longifolia essential oils have significant antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity and can be introduced as alternatives of synthetic antioxidants, antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs.
Microbiology
Masoud keykhah; Morteza Karami; Hosseinali Rahdar; Elahe Taki
Volume 26, Issue 5 , November and December 2019, , Pages 627-640
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium is a group of acid fast bacteria with DNA G+C content of 61-71% and the cell wall containing mycolic acid. According to growth physiology, mycobacteria grouped into two divisions: rapidly-growing and slow-growing mycobacteria. Three groups of mycobacteria exist based on pigment ...
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The genus Mycobacterium is a group of acid fast bacteria with DNA G+C content of 61-71% and the cell wall containing mycolic acid. According to growth physiology, mycobacteria grouped into two divisions: rapidly-growing and slow-growing mycobacteria. Three groups of mycobacteria exist based on pigment production: nonpigmented (nonphotochromogens), photo-chromogens and scotochromogen. Both human obligate pathogens (M. tuberculosis and M.leprae) and opportunistic species exist in mycobacteria genus. There is different kind of mycobacterial infections such asrespiratory infections, lymphatic node and skeletal involvement, dermal and disseminated infection. Spread of HIV virus and immunodeficiency in recent years makes the mycobacterial infections one of the most dangerous infections. Acid fast staining, biochemical tests and cell wall mycolic acid and fatty acid analysis are used for detection of mycobacteria. Different molecular tests including different PCR basedmethods; hybridization and sequencing tests are used for diagnosis and also verifying phenotypic and biochemical tests. Clarithromycin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin and ethambutol currently were used for treatment of slow growing mycobacterial infections. Whereas macrolides, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are used for rapidly growing treatment. For rapidly growing mycobacteria, disk diffusion method, disk elution method and broth micro dilution method are more appropriate. Radiometric methods and broth micro dilution method are choice methods for slow growing mycobacteria drug susceptibility test. Moreover molecular methods like PCR single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), Sequencing, PCR-RFLP and Multiplex-PCR are developed for drug susceptibility determination in mycobacteria. According to non-tuberculosis mycobacteria clinical significance, clinical laboratories and health care team most take attention to diagnosis of these bacterial infections.
Microbiology
Behnaz Jalalizadegan; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Soudabeh Fallah; Taher Elmi; Mohammad Javad Namazi; Fatemeh Vafa Shoar; Fatemeh Tabatabaee
Volume 26, Issue 4 , November and December 2019, , Pages 515-525
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite causes toxoplasmosis. The parasite has two forms, noninvasive bradizoites and invasive tachizoites. The present study, for the first time, aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamins C and E on nitric oxide (NO) elevation to promote killing ...
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Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite causes toxoplasmosis. The parasite has two forms, noninvasive bradizoites and invasive tachizoites. The present study, for the first time, aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamins C and E on nitric oxide (NO) elevation to promote killing invasive tachizoites by macrophages in susceptible BALB/c mice.Materials and Methods: Seventy BALB/c mice were recruited and randomly divided into fourteen groups of five (n=5). Control groups: one group left intact. Two groups were given saline or methanol. Two groups were infected with 104 or 5×104 parasites. The other groups were administrated only vitamin C, E, or both. The rest of sample and control groups were infected with either 104 or 5×104 tachizoites and supplemented with 100 µl vitamin E every other day, or 200 µl of vitamin C daily. Vitamins were intraperitoneally administered up to five days. On sixth day mice were intraperitoneally infected with tachyzoites. The blood samples were taken three days post infection, serum collected and stored at - 20 Cº until examinations. The peritoneal macrophages were isolated for counting phagocytised tachyzoites and nitric oxide assays.Results: Tachyzoites were significantly decreased after vitamin C & E administration in the infected mice compared to the controls. In mice supplemented vitamins NO levels were significantly higher compared to controls. Conclusion: Our findings showed that administration of vitamin C, E or both significantly enhanced killing invasive parasites through NO elevation produced by activated macrophages and may have therefore, complementary therapeutic effects.
Microbiology
Amir Hadi Chegeni; Faranak Hadi; Mojgan kowsari3; Maryam Zare; Abdolnaser Gholami Mohammadi
Volume 26, Issue 3 , September and October 2019, , Pages 383-391
Abstract
Background: Emergence of drug resistant strains and the limited use of antifungal drug due to possible toxic effects on humans, the high cost of their production and environmental pollution has made the search for novel bio-antifungal compounds a necessity. Microorganisms, particularly soil bacteria ...
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Background: Emergence of drug resistant strains and the limited use of antifungal drug due to possible toxic effects on humans, the high cost of their production and environmental pollution has made the search for novel bio-antifungal compounds a necessity. Microorganisms, particularly soil bacteria produce a wide range of active antimicrobial substances that some of them have antifungal properties. The purpose of this study is isolation and identification of the bacteria affecting the growth of fungi from Khorramabad agricultural soil.Materials and Methods: Agricultural soils were collected from different areas of Khorramabad, Lorestan Province. The bacteria were isolated using nutrient broth and nutrient agar, then, the antifungal activity of their extracts and supernatant in the SCA media on several species of fungi was studied applying disk diffusion method.Results: Four strains showing a remarkable antifungal effect against some fungi, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. These isolates were identified by biochemical features and 16S rRNA sequence. Analysis of their sequencing through BLAST in NCBI data bank showed that these bacterial similarly closed to Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp. genus.Conclusion: This study was the first report of antifungal analysis of soil isolated bacteria from Khorramabad. These bacteria could be a potential candidate for biocontrolling pathogenic fungi.The extraction, identification and development of their inhibitory metabolites can be used in the design and production of antifungal agents.
Microbiology
Mahdi Abdollahi; Fateme Tashrifi; Bagher Moradi
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, , Pages 781-785
Abstract
Background and purpose: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of important diseases that is endemic in some areas in iran. Leishmaniasis causes by leishmania parasite and can transmit by sand fly. The aim of this study was report of a cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis case caused by corticosteroid injection ...
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Background and purpose: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of important diseases that is endemic in some areas in iran. Leishmaniasis causes by leishmania parasite and can transmit by sand fly. The aim of this study was report of a cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis case caused by corticosteroid injection after incorrect microscopic diagnosis.Materials and methods: Patient was a 55 years old man who referred to the physician by a painful and wet papule on nose skin. The initial diagnosis of lupus was considered. Prednisone as a corticosteroid had been injected by physician and after a few months several painful nodular and papular lesions were appeared on patient's face, so that the simple cutaneous lishmaniasis became a Cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis. It should be noted that the immune system of patient was normal. The patient's hom is an endemic area of the disease and the patient's wounds can be suspected of contamination with leishmaniasis. For this purpose, the patient was introduced to the laboratory and Giemsa sampling and staining were carried out.Results : After sampling and microscopic examination leishman bodies were observed in the all samples of wounds. lishmaniasis was diagnosed and then systemic treatment with glucantime was initiated immediately.Conclusion : It is proposed that in negative clinical diagnosis, the microscopic exam and high sensitive standard molecular detection tests, such as quantitative and qualitative PCR can be useful.
Microbiology
Hamidreza Baghani Aval; Mehran Ekrami Toroghi; Faezeh Haghighi; Yaser Tabarraie
Volume 25, Issue 5 , November and December 2018, , Pages 687-693
Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious diseases and increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria is a major problem around the world in treatment of urinary infections. This study was conducted to identify causative agents of urinary tract infection and to determine ...
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Background: Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious diseases and increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria is a major problem around the world in treatment of urinary infections. This study was conducted to identify causative agents of urinary tract infection and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics in hospitalized and out patients referred to the Vase’ee Hospital in Sabzevar.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 256 individuals hospitalized and out patients older than eighteen age in the Sabzevar Vase’ee hospital. Identification of bacteria was performed using biochemical tests and their susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. The data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test with percentage error 5%.Results: Of 256 patients, 59.7 % and 40.3% were female and male, respectively. The most frequently isolated pathogen were Escherichia coli (50.8%), Klebsiella (17.6%), Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (15/62%), Enterobacter (7.8%). E. coli as most common pathogen of urinary tract infections showed the most resistance to ampicillin and the least resistance to Imipenem indicated. In total, regardless of the type of bacteria, the highest resistance was against amoxicillin and the lowest resistance was against Imipenem.Conclusion: Considering the frequency of urinary tract infections and in order to prevent serious complication, a survey of regional resistance pattern and timely treatment can control development of resistant bacteria.
Microbiology
Mazaher Mazaher Ghorbani; Slaman Ahmady-Asbchin
Volume 25, Issue 4 , September and October 2018, , Pages 591-598
Abstract
Background and Objective: Because of the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to common antibiotics, the new generation of researchers sought antimicrobial agents with plant origin as alternative medicine. Oregano is from Lamiaceae family and coriander is from Apiaceae family and has antimicrobial ...
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Background and Objective: Because of the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to common antibiotics, the new generation of researchers sought antimicrobial agents with plant origin as alternative medicine. Oregano is from Lamiaceae family and coriander is from Apiaceae family and has antimicrobial properties.Materials and Methods: This study aimed to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of alcoholic extracts of coriander and oregano plants on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and Salmonella. 1000 ml of alcohol poured round-bottom flask, then the target plant (200-300 g of dried powder of plant) put into envelopes of filter paper and envelopes was placed in a distillation device. After 24-48 hours the obtained alcoholic extract was placed in the oven. DMSO was used to provide different concentrations of ethanol extract.Results: The concentrations of 31/25 and 62/5 mg / ml of alcoholic extract of oregano and concentrations of 62.5 and 125 mg / ml coriander were able to inhibit and kill Staphylococcus aureus and weren`t able to inhibit and kill Salmonella and Klebsiella respectively .Conclusion: Although the clinical application of plant extracts and essences seems valuable due to fewer side effects compared to conventional therapeutic agents, in order to clinical application of plant extracts of oregano and coriander, more research about the mechanism of action of effective components of this plant on the microbial agents is needed.
Microbiology
Hamed Tahmasebi; Mohammad Bokaeian
Volume 24, Issue 5 , September and October 2018, , Pages 367-374
Abstract
Objectives: Disinfectants and antiseptics agents of the past were used for disinfect equipment and surfaces. In some cases, these substances ineffective by a series of specific efflux proteins that are present in bacteria. QqcA / B and smr such as most important genes those can be expression more efflux ...
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Objectives: Disinfectants and antiseptics agents of the past were used for disinfect equipment and surfaces. In some cases, these substances ineffective by a series of specific efflux proteins that are present in bacteria. QqcA / B and smr such as most important genes those can be expression more efflux protein in strain of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The aim of this study was to investigate the genes qacA / B and smr is MRSA strains.Methods: 89 isolates from various clinical samples were early identified by biochemical test. Initial screening was performed by Cefoxitin disk diffusion (30 µg) and then detection of mecA, smr and qacA/B gens was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, were analyzed results by using chi-square tests and t-test.Results: Out of 89 staphylococcus aureus isolates, 59 isolates were identified methicillin-resistant by initial phenotype test. Among those, 50 isolates (17/56%) have respectively mecA gene, 14 isolates (73/15%) smr gene and 29 isolates (58/32%) qacA / B gene. Using by statistical tests and p.value test, was obtained the relationship between qacA / B and mecA genes.Conclusions: According to the results of the studie of prevalence of genes in Zahedan and high frequency of MRSA strains, should pay more attention to the use of disinfectants agents.
Microbiology
Behnam Hashemi; saeid taghiloo; Esmaeil allahmoradi; Morteza Karami; Hossein ali Rahdar
Volume 25, Issue 3 , July and August 2018, , Pages 303-308
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction: Portulaca oleracea is one of the most utilized herbs in the world. According to some antibacterial effect of plants extracts, it seems that this extracts can be used in the bacterial infection treatments. In order to assessment of antibacterial effect of the Portulaca oleracea extract, ...
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AbstractIntroduction: Portulaca oleracea is one of the most utilized herbs in the world. According to some antibacterial effect of plants extracts, it seems that this extracts can be used in the bacterial infection treatments. In order to assessment of antibacterial effect of the Portulaca oleracea extract, we determined minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the Portulaca oleracea extract on the pathogenic bacterial species that antibiotic resistant pattern was determined in this species.Methods: Hydro-Alcoholic extract of the Portulaca oleracea was harvested. Bacterial species including S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, A. baumannii, E. coli and K. pneumonia was collected from the Iran pasteur institute. Antibiogram was determined by disk diffusion method and then MIC and MBC of Hydro-Alcoholic extract of the Portulaca oleracea was determined.Results: Highest MIC concentration was observed in P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, E. coli and K. pneumonia. While highest MBC concentration related to L. monocytogenes.Conclusion: Herbal antibacterial extracts can be useful in human infection control. In order to this goal, in this study antibacterial effect of Portulaca oleracea extract determined against six important pathogens. According to Our results hydro-alcoholic extract of Portulaca oleracea show antibacterial effect on human pathogens including E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes.
Microbiology
Hanieh Abdi; kumarss amini; Akram sadat Tabatabaiee bafroie
Volume 25, Issue 2 , May and June 2018, , Pages 169-175
Abstract
Introduction: Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is considered in the past two decades due to resistance associated with the consumption of drugs as additives in animal food chain, indiscriminate use of arbitrary know the people and the administration. Mortality in epidemics caused by strains resistant ...
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Introduction: Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is considered in the past two decades due to resistance associated with the consumption of drugs as additives in animal food chain, indiscriminate use of arbitrary know the people and the administration. Mortality in epidemics caused by strains resistant to antibiotics has increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the quinolone resistance genes in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from food.Materials and Methods: The study included 60 isolates of S. Enteritidis isolates from food-microbiological research laboratory of microbial collection Pasargadae was taken. Antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates to disk antibiotics (amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin) with disk diffusion testing by Kirby - Bauer was based on CLSI. The genes qnrB, qnrS and qnrA simultaneously with Multiplex PCR method was investigated.Results: The results show that all 60 isolates tested (100%) were sensitive to cephalothin complete and while most resistance to nitrofurantoin among the isolates (50 isolates, 83. 3%) and then nalidixic acid ( 44 isolates, 73.3%) is. A total of 8 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis was identified 5 qnr B gene (62.5%) and 3 isolates qnr S gene (37.5%), respectively.Conclusion: the qnrS and qnrB resistance genes are play an important role in the creation and transmission of antibiotic resistance. Screening quinolone resistance gene as a marker and mark the acquisition and development of antibiotic resistance can be used as an important strategy in the fight against antibiotic resistance in bacteria.