Physiology & Pharmacology
Manizhehsadat Ansari-kermani; Mehdi Abbasnejad; Razieh Kooshki; Saeed Esmaeili-mahani; Fatemeh Shahsavari
Volume 30, Issue 6 , January and February 2024, , Pages 756-767
Abstract
Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of intra-central amygdala nucleus (CeA) administration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on anxiety-like and social behaviors in adult male rats exposed to acute stress.Materials and Methods: The adult male rats were bilaterally cannulated in ...
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Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of intra-central amygdala nucleus (CeA) administration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on anxiety-like and social behaviors in adult male rats exposed to acute stress.Materials and Methods: The adult male rats were bilaterally cannulated in CeA. The rats were subjected to restraint stress conditions 1 h daily for a week. Then, the rats were treated with intra-CeA administration of MeJA (2.5, 5 and 10 µg/rat). Rats’ behaviors were assessed in elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), and a three-chambered social approach task, respectively.Results: Rats exposed to restraint stress showed significant anxiogenic behaviors in EPM and OF tasks. However, bilateral microinjection of MeJA (5 and 10 µg/rat) in CeA decreased stress induced anxiety-like behavior indices in both tasks (p<0.01, p<0.05). In addition, stressed rats showed social behavior deficits in the three-chambered social approach task (decreased sniffing time and time spent in compartment with stranger rats) as compared to untreated control rats. However, MeJA (10 µg/rat) ameliorated social behavior deficiency in stressed rats.Conclusion: The data of this study showed MeJA value for attenuating stress-induced anxiety-like and social behavior deficits in rats.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Ezzat Nourizadeh
Volume 30, Issue 4 , November and December 2023, , Pages 525-534
Abstract
Background: Cancer is the second cause of death in the world. Worldwide, many cancers cause varying degrees of morbidity. Also, side effects of chemical drugs used to treat various cancers have been reported. Considering this importance, the purpose of this research is to investigate the anticancer effects ...
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Background: Cancer is the second cause of death in the world. Worldwide, many cancers cause varying degrees of morbidity. Also, side effects of chemical drugs used to treat various cancers have been reported. Considering this importance, the purpose of this research is to investigate the anticancer effects of different Scutellaria species on different human cancer cells.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the method of data collection was computerized and from valid internet databases, and sources such as Google Scholar/Pubmed and other tools were used. Clinical data on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer by herbs. The mint family Scutellaria is summarized and data are extracted from various research reports and other authoritative sources.Results: Among the active chemical compounds in the genus Scutellaria are flavonoids, which are considered the most important of these compounds.The flavonoids isolated from this plant prevent the development of cancer with their antioxidant, anti-mutagenic activities and by stopping the cell cycle.Conclusion: Although the anticancer properties of Scutellaria have been shown, deciding whether Scutellaria can be used as an anticancer agent in the clinic depends on many factors and needs to be investigated.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Seyed Javad Saghravanian; Ali Asadollahi
Volume 30, Issue 2 , July and August 2023, , Pages 222-232
Abstract
Introduction: The common marmoset's performance in saccadic eye movements is similar to that of humans and macaques as a regular model in vision research, and phylogenetically, it is a primate that is intermediate in the evolution between rodents and macaques. Therefore, with high cognitive capabilities ...
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Introduction: The common marmoset's performance in saccadic eye movements is similar to that of humans and macaques as a regular model in vision research, and phylogenetically, it is a primate that is intermediate in the evolution between rodents and macaques. Therefore, with high cognitive capabilities and the potential to use molecular techniques, it is a suitable option for research. In this study, the characteristics of saccadic eye movements were investigated in two species of the marmoset family.Materials and Methods: Two common marmoset and one black-tufted marmoset were investigated after head-post implantation surgery and training in behavioral tasks to measure the characteristics of saccadic eye movements. After extracting the saccades, amplitude, velocity, duration, and inter-saccades interval were used to compare. To compare the data, the overlap of histograms and boxplots along with statistical tests were used.Results: In all measured characteristics, a large overlap between histograms and boxplots in the distribution of saccades data was observed between three animals. However, the statistical comparison of the data shows a significant difference between the saccade characteristics (P<0.001).Conclusion: Despite the differences between species, the similarity in eye saccadic characteristics in two species of common marmoset and black-tufted marmoset indicates the possibility of using both species in vision research.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Fateme Barfarazi; marzieh kafami; Akbar Pejhan
Volume 30, Issue 2 , July and August 2023, , Pages 256-269
Abstract
Introduction: High blood pressure is known as the third cause of death in the world. millions of people are affected by this disease. The renin-angiotensin system plays a role in causing this disease. AngiotensinII receptor blockers (AT1) are effective in reducing blood pressure. AngiotensinII expression ...
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Introduction: High blood pressure is known as the third cause of death in the world. millions of people are affected by this disease. The renin-angiotensin system plays a role in causing this disease. AngiotensinII receptor blockers (AT1) are effective in reducing blood pressure. AngiotensinII expression has been observed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of angiotensinII injection in the suprachiasmatic nucleus on the cardiovascular function of rats.Materials and Methods: 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups. 1- control, 2- angiotensin II, 3- angiotensinII + losartan. Group1: normal saline with a dose of 100ml, group2: angiotensinII with a dose of 100μm, and group3: angiotensin with a dose of 100μm, and after 30minutes, losartan with a dose of 100μm, and after 2minutes, angiotensin with a dose of 100μm, microinjection into the suprachiasmatic nucleus and blood pressure and heart rate was recorded.Results: There was no significant difference between mean arterial pressure and heart rate before and after saline injection.(P>0.05), in the angiotensin group, ∆MAP and HR∆ compared to before the injection of this dose of angiotensin(P<0.001 and P<0.05), and compared to the control group(P<0.001 and P<0.01), It increased significantly. In the losartan group, microinjection of losartan before the second injection of angiotensinII caused a significant decrease in ∆MAP compared to the first injection of angiotensinII (P<0.001), but it was not significant in HR∆. Conclusion: Microinjection of angiotensinII in the suprachiasmatic nucleus increased blood pressure and heart rate through binding to AT1.
Physiology & Pharmacology
mozhgan asghari; goudarz sadeghihashjin; aliakbar golabchifar; mohamad kazem koohi; ahad mohamadnejad; sanaz rismanchi; mohamad taheri
Volume 29, Issue 4 , September and October 2022, , Pages 502-516
Abstract
Introduction: In this study, we investigate the relationship between cancer and exposure to toxic substances in the environment. We used human encounters with them.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult male mice were divided into four groups, including control, Malathion, Malathion ...
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Introduction: In this study, we investigate the relationship between cancer and exposure to toxic substances in the environment. We used human encounters with them.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult male mice were divided into four groups, including control, Malathion, Malathion with benzene and benzene. The control group was tested only with physiological serum. Except for the benzene group, all other groups were in skin contact with Malathion for 45 days was fed. After necropsy, tissue samples were taken from the target organs. In addition, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and micronucleus tests in vitro and the percentage of IC50 was determined. Microscopic observations of liver tissue showed hepatotoxicity and renal tissue renal toxicity in the Malathion group with benzene.Results: The percentage of frequency of micronuclei at concentrations of 100 /g / ml, 50 /g / ml, 25 /g / ml was significant in all groups compared to the control group (P <0.05). In MTT test, the percentage of cell growth inhibition at concentrations of 100 g/ml, 50 g/ml, 25 g/ml, and 10 µg/ml in all groups was significantly different from the percentage of inhibition of cell growth with the control group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, certain doses of Malathion alone and in combination with benzene cause cytotoxicity and pre-carcinogenicity in cytotoxicity tests. Malathion exacerbates the carcinogenic effects of benzene
Physiology & Pharmacology
Zolfaghar Lotfi; Alieh Safamanesh
Volume 29, Issue 3 , September and October 2022, , Pages 406-420
Abstract
Introduction: Inadequate nutrition is one of the causes of high cholesterol and blood lipid, which if untreated, due to the high inflammation of liver cells, can lead to fatty liver. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemia effect of herbal tea of Rosa damascena Mill and Cassia angustifolia ...
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Introduction: Inadequate nutrition is one of the causes of high cholesterol and blood lipid, which if untreated, due to the high inflammation of liver cells, can lead to fatty liver. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemia effect of herbal tea of Rosa damascena Mill and Cassia angustifolia Vahl on lipid profile in male rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 male rats (220 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 each): control, control + high-fat diet, experimental group + high-fat diet + herbal tea, and experimental group + herbal tea. The groups were treated with herbal tea of Cassia angustifolia Vahl (0.4 g/kg) plus Rosa damascena Mill (0.2 g/kg) in three time periods with two days interval. After 28 days, the animals were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the heart. Blood parameters were measured using an autoanalyzer.
Results: Based on the results, lipid profile, except for the AST enzyme, significantly decreased in the experimental group with high-fat diet + herbal tea. In the experimental group with normal diet + herbal tea, the profile did not show any significant difference; however, AST enzyme increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), as compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Herbal tea prepared with a combination of Cassia angustifolia Vahl and Rosa damascena Mill can be considered as a drug with rapid efficacy in people with hyperlipidemia.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Roya Kaveh; Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh
Volume 29, Issue 2 , July and August 2022, , Pages 268-280
Abstract
Introduction: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced excitotoxicity leads to oxidative stress in different areas of the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10) on amelioration of short-term and long-term memory and oxidative stress parameters in MSG-treated ...
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Introduction: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced excitotoxicity leads to oxidative stress in different areas of the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10) on amelioration of short-term and long-term memory and oxidative stress parameters in MSG-treated rats.Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including control, MSG, MSG + Q10-10 and MSG + Q10-20. MSG gavage (4 mg / kg) and coenzyme Q10 injection at doses of 10 and 20 mg / kg (intraperitoneally; i.p.) were performed for 4 weeks. Then, short-term working memory was assessed using the Y maze and long-term avoidance memory was performed with the shuttle box. Hippocampal level of catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined by ELISA method and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was determined by thiobarbituric acid method.Results: In MSG group, there was a significant decrease in alteration behavior, increased latency time to the dark room of the shuttle box, decreased CAT, TAC expression and increased MDA compared to the control group (p <0.05). While in the Q10 treated groups, there was an increase in working and avoidance memory, an increase in CAT and TAC expression and a decrease in MDA in the hippocampus compared to the MSG group (p˂0.05).Conclusion: It seems that Co-Q10 ameliorates MSG induced neurotoxicity and cognitive symptoms through preventing oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Sahar Heydari; Bahareh Amin; Akbar Pejhan; Seyed Jamal Mirmoosavi; Mohammad Mohammadzadeh
Volume 28, Issue 6 , January and February 2022, , Pages 911-922
Abstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome with two main symptoms: repetitive behavior and social interaction disorder. Camel milk, due to its antioxidant, immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties maybe have beneficial effects on ASD.Materials ...
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Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome with two main symptoms: repetitive behavior and social interaction disorder. Camel milk, due to its antioxidant, immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties maybe have beneficial effects on ASD.Materials and Methods: Pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally on day 12.5 of gestation with 500 mg/kg valproic acid. Then male neonatal rats were divided into five groups: Control group, valproic acid group, camel raw milk group + risperidone, and boiled camel milk group + risperidone. For the treatment period, rats have injected with risperidone (0.2 mg/kg) three times a week, and raw and boiled camel milk was given daily (10 ml/kg) for 42 days. Experiments of social interaction and repetitive behavior were measured at the beginning and end of the treatment period.Results: The offspring of mothers who received valproic acid had problems in social interactions, and sociability and social preference indexes were significantly reduced. Repetitive self-glooming behaviors also increased in VPA-rats. The treatment groups improved their social and repetitive behaviors after receiving camel milk and risperidone and were significantly different from the valproic acid and pre-treatment groups. Moreover, sociability and social preference indexes showed an increase after treatment with camel milk. Sociability index, social preference, social preference index, and repetitive behaviors before and after treatment between groups improved significantly (p <0.001) after treatment.Conclusion: Treatment with a camel milk diet improved the main behaviors of autism symptoms, such as social interactions and repetitive movements
Physiology & Pharmacology
Soodabeh Elyasi; Jina Khayatzadeh; saeedeh zafarbalanejad; Sepideh Elyasi; mohammad ALIZADE
Volume 28, Issue 5 , November and December 2021, , Pages 675-687
Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblasts are involved in production of growth factors which are effective on cells’ growth and differentiation. They are the most adaptable cells in connective tissue with significant capacity for differentiation to the other cell group. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays ...
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Introduction: Fibroblasts are involved in production of growth factors which are effective on cells’ growth and differentiation. They are the most adaptable cells in connective tissue with significant capacity for differentiation to the other cell group. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in differentiation and growth of different cell lines. Silibinin is extracted from seeds of Silybum marianum, which it's effects in cancer cell lines, have been studied in limited studies. In this study we evaluated the silibinin effect on viability and IGF-1 gene expression in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF).Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of 10, 20, 40 & 60 µM solution of silibinin was evaluated on HFF cells using MTT assay, after 24 & 48 hours. Then, the expression of IGF-1 gene was evaluated by means of real time-PCR.Results: Silibinin had toxic effect on HFF cells in dose-dependent manner after 24 hours of incubation in comparison with control group but no significant difference observed after 48 hours. Besides, after 24 hours of incubation, silibinin with a concentration of 20-40-60 µM significantly increased the IGF-1 gene expression in fibroblast cells in comparison with control group.Conclusion: Based on the results, silibinin significantly induces IGF-1 gene expression in dose dependent manner after 24 hours incubation with HFF cells. However, in cytotoxicity assay, concentration of 60 µM caused the highest rate of cell death after 24 hours. So, before introduction of this compound as a fibroblasts proliferation stimulant, more extensive studies are needed.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Najmea Farhadi; Davood Mehrabani; Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini; seyede sara hashemi
Volume 28, Issue 5 , November and December 2021, , Pages 814-825
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis is psychoactive substance that is abused by millions of people the world. Due to the high consumption of this substance among young people of reproductive age, the present study was performed to investigate the effect of cannabis on the growth of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells(msc) ...
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Introduction: Cannabis is psychoactive substance that is abused by millions of people the world. Due to the high consumption of this substance among young people of reproductive age, the present study was performed to investigate the effect of cannabis on the growth of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells(msc) derived from rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, msc were extracted from the endometrium of rats and after culturing and confirming the mesenchymal nature of the cells by flowcytometry and by expressingCD34 and CD90 and not expressingCD105 markers,in the third passage of cell culture, the effects of cannabis in concentration of100and1000ng/ml were calculated on the growth of these cells within1to8days and the results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tuki tests.Results: Cells isolated from the endometrium adhered to the floor of the cell culture flask24hours after transfer. The mesenchymal nature of these cells was confirmed by the expression of CD90, CD105and non-expression of CD34markers.The results ofcell counts also showed the growth of cells treated with cannabis until the third day of treatment similar to the control group. From the fourth day in the treatment group with a dose of100ng/ml cannabis increased significantly top<0.05and in the treatment group with a dose of1000ng/ml. Third, there was significant decrease compared to the control group and from the fourth day, significant increase was observed atp<0.05.Conclusion: The results showed that the cells isolated from the endometrium were of the msc, and that cannabis probably stimulated the growth of these cells through cannabinoid receptors.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Mehdi Goudarzi; Hamidreza Khalili; Mohammadreza Rashidi Nooshabadi; Alireza Malayeri
Volume 28, Issue 4 , September and October 2021, , Pages 621-633
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that can cause neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Considering the vital role of mitochondria in aerobic metabolism, its function is significantly related to the pathophysiology of diabetes. In addition, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species ...
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Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that can cause neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Considering the vital role of mitochondria in aerobic metabolism, its function is significantly related to the pathophysiology of diabetes. In addition, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) from organic fuel molecules during the process of oxidative phosphorylation; according to evidence, ROS and the oxidative stress caused by them are very important for the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications.In addition to causing oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) impair mitochondrial function and are responsible for major complications of diabetes, such as nephropathy and retinopathy.
Materials and Methods: This review was written based on findings from a search of the Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 1974 to 2019.
Results: Mitochondria, due to their essential role in energy production and cell survival, lead to impaired cell function leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis. On the other hand, free radicals and AGEs due to their specific functional properties result in impairing mitochondrial function and play an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes.
Conclusion Conclude that the reduction of free radicals, inhibition of AGEs, and protection of the proper function of mitochondria can be considered as the strategy to treat and improve the diabetes complications.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Edris Sharifi; Hossein Khastar; behzad gharmabi; Vida Hojati; Mehdi Khaksari
Volume 28, Issue 2 , May and June 2021, , Pages 222-231
Abstract
Introduction: Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system Methamphetamine abuse can impair cognitive function and damage the nervous system. Recent studies have shown that methamphetamine result in neuronal damage through several ways such as increased free radicals and oxidative ...
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Introduction: Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system Methamphetamine abuse can impair cognitive function and damage the nervous system. Recent studies have shown that methamphetamine result in neuronal damage through several ways such as increased free radicals and oxidative stress, accelerated cell death, and apoptosis. In addition, there are many studies and evidence of antiinflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects of palmatine on various types of neurological diseases. Therefore, this study was designed to help prove the function of palmatine neurotransmitter protection against neurotoxic activity of methamphetamine.
Materials and Methods: Methamphetamine neurotoxicity was induced by 40 mg/kg of METH in four intraperitoneally (IP) injections (e.g., 4×10 mg/kg q. 2-h, IP.). Palmatine (50,100 mg/kg) was administered at 30- min, 24-h, and 48 h after the final injection of METH. Spatial memory test was evaluated by Morris water maze then the brains were removed for Nissl staining to assess necrosis neuronal death within the hippocampal CA1 area.
Results: Behavioral tests shows that palmatine treatment could significantly improve spatial memory deficits and learning (P<0.05) versus the METH group. Moreover, palmatine could significantly reduce necrosis cell death (P<0.05) in CA1 area of hippocampus.
Conclusion: According to the findings, palmatine improve memory and learning function in rats by reducing cell death
Physiology & Pharmacology
Seyed Arman Razavi; Amin Bigham-Sadegh; Iraj Karimi; Siavash Sharifi; Iman Hafar
Volume 28, Issue 3 , May and June 2021, , Pages 387-395
Abstract
Introduction: Phenytoin ointment is a usual medicine for wound healing. Aloe vera gel promotes wound healing by directly stimulating the activity of macrophages and fibroblasts that increase both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, thereby promoting tissue repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate ...
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Introduction: Phenytoin ointment is a usual medicine for wound healing. Aloe vera gel promotes wound healing by directly stimulating the activity of macrophages and fibroblasts that increase both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, thereby promoting tissue repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenytoin ointment1%, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey on skin wound healing in rabbit animal model. Materials and Methods: 5 rabbits with 50 skin wounds were used in this study. Phenytoin ointment1%, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey were used in four wounds and another was considered as an untreated control. Macroscopic study was performed on days 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 after wounding and histopathologic study was done on the days 10 and 21 from the wounds. Results: On the 8th and 12th days in the Aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey groups, the area of the wound had a significant difference (p < 0.05) than group1 (phenytoin), indicating a faster reduction of the wound surface than the phenytoin group. On the 16th day after surgery, the ulcer surface of the honey group was completely closed and on day 20 all the wounds were fully restored in all groups. Also, histopathologic studies on 10 and 21 days showed no significant difference between the studied groups and all wounds were completely restored on day 20. Conclusion: Finally, the results of this Study showed that phenytoin 1% ointment, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey, all had a good effect on wound healing.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Shahram Kamali; Sohrab Boozarpour; Madjid Momeni-Moghaddam
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 93-98
Abstract
Creating wounds from simple to advanced and from acute to chronic is one of the problems that mankind has faced for a long time. Over the past half century, with the discovery of antibiotics, human ability to manage wounds has improved much more than before, but antibiotic resistance has become a serious ...
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Creating wounds from simple to advanced and from acute to chronic is one of the problems that mankind has faced for a long time. Over the past half century, with the discovery of antibiotics, human ability to manage wounds has improved much more than before, but antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem in recent decades, especially for chronic wounds, and therefore different therapeutic approaches are needed. Larval therapy is an old method that requires molecular cellular research and recognition and confirmation of its function can lead to the development of new drugs. In this study, the larvae of Lucilia sericata were first prepared and extracted, and then the extract was affected on fibroblast cells and molecular cellular studies were performed. The results indicate that TNF-α gene expression was 8 times higher in the control sample. The expression of SMAD-2 gene was 6 times higher in the control sample than in the control sample. TGF-β gene expression in the treated sample was 4 times that of the control sample. Given the additive effect on fibroblast growth and molecular confirmation of the above genes, it is suggested that this extract has the potential to heal wounds.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Bahram Farhadi Moghaddam; Masoud Fereidoni
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 116-122
Abstract
Introduction: Many investigations revealed that the inflammatory process induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion causes brain damages and cognitive impairments. On the other hand, Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) is one of the important vitamin K2 types that has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, in this study, ...
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Introduction: Many investigations revealed that the inflammatory process induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion causes brain damages and cognitive impairments. On the other hand, Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) is one of the important vitamin K2 types that has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of administration of MK-4 on the level of gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines following global ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this research, 20 adult male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomly selected in 5 experimental groups and studied: control (intact), sham (surgery without carotid artery occlusion), ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion + intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DMSO as MK-4 solvent, treatment (ischemia/reperfusion + i.p. injection of MK-4). For induction ischemic model, common carotid occlusion was performed for 20 minutes. In the treatment group i.p. injection of 200 mg/kg MK-4 was done 20 minutes after obstruction (immediately and 2 hours after reperfusion). 24 hours after reperfusion, mRNA expression level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were assessed. Results: I.p. administration of MK-4 could significantly decrease mRNA expression level of TNF-α (p < 1.15), IL-1β and IL-6 (p < 0.001) induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that MK-4 administration following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion could diminish the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and maybe cause neuroprotective effects. Received.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Masoumeh habibian; Saied Amirnia Shobi; Emamali Zakeri Khatir
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 134-142
Abstract
Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk for several metabolic and cardiovascular complications, and is now considered as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to invistigate of the effect 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on the Tumor necrosis ...
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Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk for several metabolic and cardiovascular complications, and is now considered as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to invistigate of the effect 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on the Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and lipid profile in obese girls. Materials and Methods: This semi experimental research, 14 obese girls (mean age 9.9±1.18 year) whose body mass index was 95% or greater were selected and assigned randomly to two equal groups as follow: exercise and control groups. Aerobic exercise was consisted of exercise movements at 50% to 70% maximal heart rate and 3 sessions/week for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and 48 hour after the last intervention. The serum levels of TNF-α, triglycerides, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t tests. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in TNF-α, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C and an increase in HDL-C levels (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the percent changes of these variabls in exercise training group were significantly greater (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise as a non-medical therapeutic intervention for obese children can leads to reduced cardiovascular and metabolic diseases risk factors by improving lipid profiles and a reducse in systemic inflammation. Received
Physiology & Pharmacology
mahnaz davoudi; Hossein azizi; Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh; saeed semnanian
Volume 27, Issue 5 , November and December 2020, , Pages 630-639
Abstract
Introduction: The neuropeptide orexin is synthetized in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and is involved in naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome via orexin type 1 receptors (OX1R). Locus coeruleus (LC) is a sensitive site for the expression of somatic aspects of morphine withdrawal. The orexinergic ...
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Introduction: The neuropeptide orexin is synthetized in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and is involved in naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome via orexin type 1 receptors (OX1R). Locus coeruleus (LC) is a sensitive site for the expression of somatic aspects of morphine withdrawal. The orexinergic and GABA-A-ergic systems are involved in morphine withdrawal syndrome. In this study, the effect of OX1R at the LC neurones on GABA-A-ergic inhibitory system activity in morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated.
Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (14-21 days) were made dependent on morphine (20 mg/kg, i.p., for 7 days). Then the effect of orexin-A on spontaneous and evoked inhibitory post synaptic currents in LC neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recordings was assessed.
Results: The findings of this study indicated that orexin-A through OX1R in the presence of naloxone may induce an inhibitory effect on GABAergic system in the LC neurons. It seems that the orexin-A administration decreased the eIPSCs amplitude in LC neurons. OrexinA decreased spontaneous sIPSCs frequency of LC neurons, but did not change the sIPSCs amplitude in the presence of naloxone.
Conclusion: These findings implicated evidence that orexin-A via OX1R may participate in expression of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome through decreasing of GABAA receptor activity.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Reza Moghaddasi; Ahmadali Moazedi; Zohreh Ghotbeddin; Mohammadreza AKHOND
Volume 27, Issue 4 , November and December 2020, , Pages 594-603
Abstract
Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic and multifactorial disease characterized by sudden and repeated seizures. Carbamazepine is the most common medicine for treating epilepsy. Today, the use of LFS as an alternative treatment is considered in patients resistant to drugs. Therefore, in this research, the ...
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Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic and multifactorial disease characterized by sudden and repeated seizures. Carbamazepine is the most common medicine for treating epilepsy. Today, the use of LFS as an alternative treatment is considered in patients resistant to drugs. Therefore, in this research, the effects of LFS and carbamazepine on epilepsy in dorsal hippocampus by using Kindling method on the seizure indices have been compared in adult male rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 adult male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Kindle (KND), KLFS, MCK, CBZ20K and CBZ40K. Kindle's group received a daily stimulant of Kindling in a fast way, in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. In other groups, daily Kindling stimuli, similar to the Kindle group, were applied. In the Kindle + LFS (KLFS) group, LFS stimuli were immediately triggered after the kindling. In methylcellulose + kindling (MCK) group, before stimulation, the amount was 0.2ml solution of methylcellulose 0.5% was given intraperitoneally. Drug + Kindling (CBZ20K and CBZ40K) groups received intraperitoneal carbamazepine 20mg / kg or 40mg / kg, respectively, before receiving kindling stimuli.
Results: Findings from this study indicate that the use of LFS or carbamazepine significantly reduced the mean seizure severity, total seizure duration, and the duration of afterdischarge in the KLFS and CBZ40K groups compared to the KND group (p <0.05). The important point is that the effective dose of CBZ has a more reduced effect on seizure indices than LFS.
Conclusion: Regarding the results, it seems that, the effective dose of CBZ to be more effective than LFS stimulation following the hippocampal kindling in reducing seizure indices.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Marziyeh Fallahi; Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini
Volume 27, Issue 3 , September and October 2020, , Pages 348-353
Abstract
Background & aim:Of different parts of Walnut plant in traditional diseases treatment such as diabetes are used. Given role of stresses in diabetes and chemical drugs’ side-effects in treating this disease, this study aimed to investigate alcoholic effects of walnut leaves extract on lipid ...
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Background & aim:Of different parts of Walnut plant in traditional diseases treatment such as diabetes are used. Given role of stresses in diabetes and chemical drugs’ side-effects in treating this disease, this study aimed to investigate alcoholic effects of walnut leaves extract on lipid profile in adult male rats’ diabetes with swimming stress was performed.methods: This experimental study on 50 male rats matured divided into 5 groups: control, diabetic, diabetic treated with walnut leaves (200mg/kg), diabetes with swimming stress in water 15°C, diabetic treated with swimming stress and walnut leaves was done. The end, after 21 days injecting, weighing, and phlebotomizing rats, triglycerides serum levels, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL were measured and data using SPSS-18 software, ANOVA and Tukey were analyzed, so the significant data difference P
Physiology & Pharmacology
fatemeh zoalfaghari; amirhosin haghighi; mohamad reza hamedinia
Volume 27, Issue 3 , September and October 2020, , Pages 356-361
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Purpose: Stimulating the hormones and enzymes involved in the lipolysis, resistive exercises can increase lipolysis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of circular resistive exercises before exhausting running on treadmill on fat and carbohydrate oxidation and energy ...
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AbstractBackground and Purpose: Stimulating the hormones and enzymes involved in the lipolysis, resistive exercises can increase lipolysis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of circular resistive exercises before exhausting running on treadmill on fat and carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure in overweight and obese girls.Materials and Methods: Ten overweight and obese girls (weight range: 78.02 to 10.18 kg) performed two types of exercises: 1) performing circular resistive exercises before running on treadmill, 2) just running on treadmill without any circular resistive exercises. Running on treadmill was performed at the intensity of 75% of the maximum heart rate until they were exhausted, and the circular resistive exercises consisted of five stations, each with three rounds at 55% of 1-RM (1-Repetition Maximum). The respiratory gases of the participants were measured by a gas analyzer system for 30 minutes in the baseline and while running on the treadmill until exhaustion. The collected data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (α = 0.05).Results: It was found that fat metabolism during the activity in the first group (performing circular resistive exercises before running on treadmill) were significantly higher than the second group (just running on the treadmill). Energy expenditure and carbohydrate metabolism were not reported to be significantly different between the two groups of the study.Conclusion: Overweight and obese girls can use circular resistive exercises before running on a treadmill in order to increase their fat oxidation and reduce their body fat percentage.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Jafar Ahmadpouri; saeid valipour chahardah charic; mahbubeh setorki
Volume 27, Issue 3 , September and October 2020, , Pages 475-482
Abstract
Introduction:Severe stressful incidents are associated with the risk of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Regarding the adverse effects of anti-depressants/anxiety drugs, researcher’s attention have been focused on finding natural ingredients. The aim of the present study was to ...
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Introduction:Severe stressful incidents are associated with the risk of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Regarding the adverse effects of anti-depressants/anxiety drugs, researcher’s attention have been focused on finding natural ingredients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Adiantum capillus veneris extract on depression and anxiety induced by acute stress in male rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Balb/C mice were randomly divided into 5 groups including control group (under acute stress receiving normal saline), intervention groups (under acute stress receiving extract of Adiantum capillus venerisat doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), and positive control (under acute stress receiving diazepam). Acute stress was induced by electric shock (0.5 mA, 2 min) and immobilization in restrainer (2 hours) for one time. Extract and drug were administered intraperitoneally for 21 days and then anxiety, depression and Motor activity were evaluated by forced swimming, elevated plus maze (EPM) and open filed tests respectively.
Results: Treatment of stressed mice with different doses of Adiantum capillus veneris extractsignificantly decreased the immobility time in the forced swimming test in comparison with the control group (P <0.05). Treatment of stressed mice with 400 mg/kg of Adiantum capillus veneris extractsignificantly increased the entry into the open arms and significantly decreased the number of entery into the closed arms of EPM (P<0.05). Different doses of extract had no significant effect on the number of line-crossing in the open field test as compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Adiantum capillus veneris extract showed antidepressant and anti-anxiolytic effects in mice under acute stress.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Mohammad Sofiabadi; MohammadHossein Esmaeili; Amir-reza Mafea
Volume 27, Issue 2 , July and August 2020, , Pages 143-153
Abstract
The aim of present study, was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of morphine on memory in Healthy and Streptozotocin (STZ) Rat Model of AD.Methods: In first experiment animals were divided to: Control and Morphine group which were injected with saline and Morphine (5mg/kg, ip.) In the second experiment ...
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The aim of present study, was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of morphine on memory in Healthy and Streptozotocin (STZ) Rat Model of AD.Methods: In first experiment animals were divided to: Control and Morphine group which were injected with saline and Morphine (5mg/kg, ip.) In the second experiment animals were divided to: control, sham and groups treated with STZ and STZ plus saline or morphine (2 mg/kg.). For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg, 10 μl/injection site) were administered into lateral ventricles. Morphine , were injected for 10days. All rates were trained in the water maze. Results: our results show that Morphine (5mg/kg) impaired learning in Healthy rats. our results also show that i.c.v. injection of STZ significantly increased escape latency and Swimming distance to find the platform in comparison with the control group (P
Physiology & Pharmacology
hamed kord varkaneh; ammar salehi; vahid khani; meysam zarezade; masoud khorshidi; jamal rahmani; mohammad mosavi; somaye fatahi
Volume 27, Issue 2 , July and August 2020, , Pages 246-255
Abstract
Abstract: So far, no study has ever surveyed the effectiveness of injectable and oral forms of the Glucosamine compared with chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid on physical function and pain in osteoarthritic patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of glucosamine compared ...
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Abstract: So far, no study has ever surveyed the effectiveness of injectable and oral forms of the Glucosamine compared with chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid on physical function and pain in osteoarthritic patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of glucosamine compared with chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid in relieving pain and function of people with osteoarthritis.Design: The databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochran were searched up to November 2018. The pairwise method was used to compare the difference between the mean score of the evaluation forms before and after the intervention in two methods including direct (comparison of drugs with the control group) and non-direct (comparison of drugs with each other).Results: The present study showed that improvement in the performance of patients with osteoarthritis according to the WOMAC score, was the highest with oral form of chondroitin sulfate and then the injectable form of chondroitin sulfate and injectable form of glucosamine. Pain evaluation of patients showed the most pain reduction in the injectable form of hyaluronic acid and then the oral form of chondroitin sulfate. Pain assessment via the VAS form, showed that oral form of glucosamine alleviated the pain.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that, intake of oral form of chondroitin sulfate had the most effect on improving the physical function. Also, in the assessment of pain using WOMAC and VAS forms, the injectable form of hyaluronic acid and oral form glucosamine showed the highest improvement compared to other drugs.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Raha Zalkhani; Ahmad Ali Moazedi; Hossein Najafzadeh-varzi
Volume 26, Issue 2 , July and August 2019, , Pages 195-201
Abstract
Background: Vitamins play an important role in the improvement of neurological diseases by reducing free radicals, therefore, in this study, the effect of combine therapy sodium valproate with vitamin C and E was evaluated on seizure in adult rat. Material and methods: 49 rats were divided to 7 groups ...
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Background: Vitamins play an important role in the improvement of neurological diseases by reducing free radicals, therefore, in this study, the effect of combine therapy sodium valproate with vitamin C and E was evaluated on seizure in adult rat. Material and methods: 49 rats were divided to 7 groups consisting of control group (saline: 1ml/kg (, sodium valproate groups (100 or 200 mg/kg sodium valproate), Vitamin C group (250 mg/kg), vitamin E group (100 mg/kg) and vitamin C or vitamin E with sodium valproate groups. The animals received a subcutaneous injection of strychnine for induction of convulsive seizures, 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of drugs or saline. Then convulsion onset time and death time and survival rate were recorded.Results: Sodium valproate with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg delayed the convulsion onset time and death time significantly compared to the control group and the survival rate was 36% and 100% respectively. The combination of sodium valproate and vitamin C significantly increased the time to start seizure and death time than the control group. Also the survival rate was 57%. The combination of sodium valproate and vitamin E increased the onset of seizure and the duration of death compared to the control group and 66% of the rats survived. Conclusion: The use of vitamin C and E with sodium valproate has a significant role in reducing seizure induced by strychnine in adult rat.
Physiology & Pharmacology
Fatemea Seyf; Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini
Volume 26, Issue 1 , March and April 2019, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
Background:Memory and learning are one of the most complex brain functions and a mechanism for encoding, storing and recalling learned information. Due to the prevalence of learning disabilities, especially in older adults, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ...
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Background:Memory and learning are one of the most complex brain functions and a mechanism for encoding, storing and recalling learned information. Due to the prevalence of learning disabilities, especially in older adults, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of chamomile on avoidance memory levels in rats. Materials and Methods:In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats were divided into 6 groups: control, control 1 (treatment with normal saline) and control 2 (Shuttle Box) and three experimental groups receiving 200,100, and 400 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of chamomile by intraperitoneal injections. All of them were prescribed for 15 days. In this study, the Shuttle Box was used to measure memory and learning. The latency of entering and the time of remaining in a dark chamber of the Shuttle Box were recorded. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests using the SPSS-22 software. Results:The significance level of data was considered as p≤0.05. The results showed that doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg chamomile extract significantly increased the latency of entering the dark chamber and also doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg chamomile extract significantly reduced the time of remaining in the dark chamber of the Shuttle Box in the remembering phase at the level of P≤0.001 compared to the control group. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that chamomile extract strengthens avoidance memory in rats. This effect is probably due to flavonoids, antioxidants and phytoestrogens.