Physical Education
mitra khademosharie; azam mollanovruzi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 April 2024
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and its prevalence worldwide is increasing along with enhancing type two of diabetes. Gestational diabetes can cause various complications for the mother and fetus. Therefore, the aim of this ...
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Background and Purpose: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and its prevalence worldwide is increasing along with enhancing type two of diabetes. Gestational diabetes can cause various complications for the mother and fetus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on the levels of some adipokines in women with gestational diabetes.
Method:
For this purpose, among pregnant women aged 25 to 35 years with gestational diabetes and gestational age of 23 to 24 weeks, 28 people were voluntarily selected to conduct the research and randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group (14 people). and control (14 people). The combined exercise training program was as follows in 12 weeks, three training sessions each week. Measurements and blood tests were performed 24 hours before the start of training and 24 hours after the last training session. In order to analyze the data, ANOVA test with repeated measures (repeated measure ANOVA) was used. The significance level was considered as p≤0.05 and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 software.
Results: 12 weeks of combined exercise training caused a significant increase in the hormone adiponectin (P=0.001) and a significant decrease in the hormone visfatin (P=0.001) in the experimental group.
Conclusion: The results of the above research showed that women with gestational diabetes can benefit from many Advantages, including the improvement of adiponectin and visfatin secreted from fat tissue, with correct and principled exercise training.
Physical Education
fatemhe parsifar; Majid Vahidian-Rezazadeh; Mohsen Saravani; Hossien Nakhaie
Volume 31, Issue 1 , March and April 2024, , Pages 1-12
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, which is a fatal neurological disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and Ginkgo biloba supplementation on the neurotrophic factor derived (BDNF) level from the hippocampus ...
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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, which is a fatal neurological disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and Ginkgo biloba supplementation on the neurotrophic factor derived (BDNF) level from the hippocampus brain in the Alzheimer's experimental model.
Materials and Methods: This research was of laboratory type. 50 male Wistar rats weighing 250±20 grams were prepared and divided into seven groups including healthy control, Alzheimer's control, intermittent endurance exercise, Ginkgobiloba supplement, Ginkgobiloba supplement+exercise, shock Surgery, and placebo. To induce Alzheimer's disease in the patient groups, amyloid-beta solution was injected into both sides of the ventricles of the rats' brains. For eight weeks, the exercise groups ran on a treadmill 5 days a week, and the supplemented groups received Ginkgo biloba solution. 24 hours after the last exercise session, the hippocampus tissue was extracted and the BDNF protein level was measured using ELISA method.SPSS software version 22 was used to analyze the data at a significant level (P<0.05).
Results: In the comparison between the groups, the level of BDNF factor was higher in the training+supplement group than in the healthy control, Alzheimer's control, surgical shock, and placebo groups, no increase was observed in the training and supplement alone groups, and the level of the factor was also decreased in the surgical shock and placebo groups.
Conclusion: Intermittent endurance exercise and Ginkgo Biloba supplement consumption at the same time can be an effective treatment to increase the level of BDNF to slow down the process of Alzheimer's disease.
Physical Education
zohreh mirzavand; mohammad fathi; mostafa bahrami
Volume 31, Issue 1 , March and April 2024, , Pages 60-71
Abstract
Introduction: Inactivity plays a role in diabetes and increasing tissue oxidative stress and this study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic exercise on malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the heart tissue of male diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: ...
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Introduction: Inactivity plays a role in diabetes and increasing tissue oxidative stress and this study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic exercise on malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the heart tissue of male diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: 44 male Wistar rats (200-250 grams) were randomly divided into 4 ten groups of healthy, diabetic, training, and diabetes+ training. After 12 hours of food deprivation, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ solution, The training groups did aerobic exercise 5 days a week for 6 weeks. 48 hours after completion of the protocol, anesthetized animals and heart tissue were removed. ELISA method was used to measure the amount of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxide. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, SPSS, and GraphPad software.
Results: The results showed that superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide in the diabetes group were significantly lower than the control, exercise, and diabetes+exercise groups (p≤0.0001). Also, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide were significantly higher in the diabetes+exercise group than in the control and exercise groups (p≤0.0001). Malondialdehyde in the diabetes group was significantly higher than in the diabetes+exercise group, the exercise group, and the control group (p≤0.0001). Malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the diabetes+exercise group than in the diabetes and control groups (p≤0.0001).
Conclusion: aerobic training can have a positive effect on the heart tissue in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress.
Physical Education
Saeed Daneshyar
Volume 30, Issue 6 , January and February 2024, , Pages 718-731
Abstract
Introduction: In obesity, the serum levels of Asprosin are pathologically upregulated, this is thus considered a therapeutic target. This study aimed to explore the effect of exercise training as combined training (Aerobic+ Resistance training) along with Caffeine supplementation on the plasma levels ...
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Introduction: In obesity, the serum levels of Asprosin are pathologically upregulated, this is thus considered a therapeutic target. This study aimed to explore the effect of exercise training as combined training (Aerobic+ Resistance training) along with Caffeine supplementation on the plasma levels of Asprosin in middle-aged obese men.Materials and Methods: 38 obese men aged 35 to 50 years, with a BMI of greater than 28 participated in the research. They were stratified randomized into 4 groups. including: 1-Control-placebo (n=10), 2- Caffeine (n=10), 3- Combined training-placebo (n=9) and 4- Caffeine and combined training (n=9). The caffeine group consumed the caffeine tab 4.5 mg per kg body weight, daily, for 6 weeks. The Combined training group had concurrent aerobic and resistance training for 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention, and the plasma asprosin concentration was measured by the ELISA method.Results: By the effect of the Combined training, the Asprosin level was reduced (p=0/01). Taking Caffeine alone did not significantly reduce Asprosin (p=0/19). The Asprosin declined in the group that had both Combined training and Caffeine (p=0/01).Conclusion: In order to reduce the upregulated Asprosin in obese individuals known as pathologic, combined training is recommended and/so it is not necessary to take caffeine along with the training.
Physical Education
Maryam Khalesi; Esmail Nasiri; Ali Samadi
Volume 30, Issue 6 , January and February 2024, , Pages 732-741
Abstract
Introduction: Misperception of body weight and lack of awareness about overweight and obesity are associated with poor weight management behaviors.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 350 female students from Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, using a convenience sampling method. ...
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Introduction: Misperception of body weight and lack of awareness about overweight and obesity are associated with poor weight management behaviors.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 350 female students from Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements and self-reported answers regarding weight perception and level of body weight preoccupation. Data analysis was conducted using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Results: The findings revealed that 51.43% of the subjects misperceived their body weight. Among them, the majority (92.22%) underestimated their weight. Additionally, 17.14% of the overweight and obese subjects perceived their weight to be within the normal range, while 29.6% of obese subjects perceived themselves to be only slightly overweight. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between body weight perception and anthropometric indices (p<0.01). The body mass index (r=0.739), C-index (r=0.648), body adiposity index (r=0.620), abdominal volume index (r=0.552), and waist-to-height ratio (r=0.537), and waist circumference (r=0.533) had the highest correlation with body weight perception, respectively.Conclusion: The high rate of unawareness of actual body weight among female university students is alarming. It is, therefore, necessary to develop programs that increase awareness about normal body weight and the importance of anthropometric indices in weight management.
Physical Education
Amir Delshad; maryam dashti
Volume 30, Issue 4 , November and December 2023, , Pages 462-474
Abstract
Background and Objective: Obesity and overweight have become a global problem. Obesity is increasing sharply, especially in Iranian women. Experts believe that diet and drugs alone are not enough to treat and control sugar and blood fat metabolism of patients, but physical and sports activities should ...
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Background and Objective: Obesity and overweight have become a global problem. Obesity is increasing sharply, especially in Iranian women. Experts believe that diet and drugs alone are not enough to treat and control sugar and blood fat metabolism of patients, but physical and sports activities should also be added to the daily schedule.Materials and Methods: The current research is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design. 40 overweight women were randomly assigned to four groups of combined exercise, combined exercise-supplement , supplement and control. Aerobic training was performed for 8 weeks and three sessions per week with 50-75% of the maximum heart rate and TRX training in the range of 12 to 17 pressure perception on the Borg scale. 24 hours before the start of training and 48 hours after the end of the last session, blood was taken to measure leptin and visfatin. Then, analysis of covariance (Ancova) test was used for inter-group changes and paired correlation T-test for intra-group comparison. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of P<0.05.Results: The results show a significant decrease in leptin (p=0.001) and visfatin (p=0.001) values, and the changes for the exercise and exercise-supplement group were more than the cinnamon supplement group.Conclusion: According to the results of the current research and since combined exercise has a beneficial effect on leptin and visfatin compared to supplements, it can be recommended that overweight people use combined exercise to lose weight.
Physical Education
Hossein Samadi; Mohammad Seyedahmadi; Mohammadreza Sadeghian shahi; Jalil Moradi
Volume 30, Issue 4 , November and December 2023, , Pages 502-512
Abstract
Background: The use of anabolic steroids is increasing in athletes due to body beauty and performance enhancement and is one of the major public health problems. The aim of study was to compare the characteristics of five major personality factors in male bodybuilding and fitness athletes with and without ...
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Background: The use of anabolic steroids is increasing in athletes due to body beauty and performance enhancement and is one of the major public health problems. The aim of study was to compare the characteristics of five major personality factors in male bodybuilding and fitness athletes with and without the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids.Materials and Methods: The research was practical in terms of purpose and in terms of strategy, it is a descriptive causal-comparative description. The statistical population of the present study included all male bodybuilding and fitness athletes in Yazd province. 105 athletes (50 with a history of use and 55 with no history of steroid use) with an age range of 18 to 48 years and at least two years of sports experience were selected as availabe. The instrument used was the personality questionnaire NEO-FFI. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis.Results: The results showed athletes who use steroids have a higher score in the dimension of neuroticism and a lower score in the dimensions of extraversion, openness, adaptation and conscientiousness score than athletes who didnot use steroids. The results showed significant differences in the components of neuroticism (P=0/013), extraversion (P=0/02), adaptation (P=0/04) and conscientiousness (P=0/01). however, the difference between the components of openness to experience was not significant (P=0/26).Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant difference between bodybuilding and fitness athletes with and without the use of anabolic steroids in the personality dimensions of neuroticism, extroversion, adaptability and conscientiousness.
Physical Education
Fatemeh Akbari Vargsaran; Ameneh Pourrahim Ghoroghchi
Volume 30, Issue 3 , September and October 2023, , Pages 349-362
Abstract
Introduction: Osteocalcin and osteopontin are related to diabetes and osteoporosis. The aim was to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance-resistance training and taurine supplementation on osteocalcin and osteopontin in diabetic male Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study,40adult ...
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Introduction: Osteocalcin and osteopontin are related to diabetes and osteoporosis. The aim was to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance-resistance training and taurine supplementation on osteocalcin and osteopontin in diabetic male Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study,40adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300grams and 6weeks old were randomly divided into 3 diabetic groups (each group, 10Rat); exercise, supplement and a control and a non-diabetic groups were included as a healthy control group. To make diabetic, 55mg/kg of body weight of streptozocin was injected. Combined exercises were performed for eight weeks and 5times a week. Taurine supplementation was taken as a 1% solution in water daily. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc were used to compare the inter-group and intra-group changes of the variables.Results: Osteocalcin increased significantly in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic control (P=0.018) and decreased significantly in the diabetic control compared to the healthy (P=0.0001). Osteopontin increased significantly in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control (P=0.003); While, there was no significant difference in other groups (P=1.000). Body weight and BMI increased significantly in the exercise-diabetic group compared to the diabetic-supplement (P=0.0001). There was a significant decrease in food consumption in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic supplement group (P=0.030).Conclusion: Eight weeks of endurance-resistance training and taurine supplementation led to an increase in osteocalcin and no change in osteopontin.
Physical Education
elahe malekyian fini; Mahbubeh Motefakker; , Sajad Ahmadizad; morteza salimian; fatemeh mokhtari Andani
Volume 30, Issue 2 , July and August 2023, , Pages 284-300
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most important health problems in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of a session of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (REBFR) to hemodynamic and hematological changes in type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: Fifteen ...
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Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most important health problems in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of a session of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (REBFR) to hemodynamic and hematological changes in type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with type 2 diabetes performed knee flexion and extension of the resistance exercise with and without BFR in two sessions with intensity of 20% and 80% 1RM, respectively. Hemodynamic and hematological changes were measured at before, immediately and 30 minutes after exercise. Repeated analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on quantitative factors.Results: The mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate values in both training sessions were not significantly different (P <0.05). The results showed that there was no significant difference between WBC, RBC, HCT, Hb, MCH, MCHC, MCV and PV indices between resistance exercise sessions with and without BFR (P <0.05). According to the findings, the amount of RBC and Hb increased significantly immediately after REBFR (P <0.05), which returned to resting levels after 30 minutes of recovery.Conclusion: Low-intensity REBFR due to no significant change in hemodynamic, hematological and platelet parameters can be an effective and low-cost mechanism in preventing cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and as a Non-pharmacological treatment system and alternative to high-intensity resistance exercise to prevent muscle atrophy, especially in clinical populations, especially diabetics.
Physical Education
Mehdi Zarei; ali gohari; Zeynab Sadat Hosseini
Volume 30, Issue 1 , May and June 2023, , Pages 117-129
Abstract
Introduction: Regular physical activity during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of gestational diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the level and intensity of physical activity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant women.Materials and ...
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Introduction: Regular physical activity during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of gestational diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the level and intensity of physical activity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant women.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 100 referring pregnant women (50 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 50 healthy pregnant women) with purposeful sampling from available samples with an age range of 25-35 years. Physical activity level was measured using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). Mann-Whitney u test was used to compare the level and intensity of physical activity of two groups.Results: The level of physical activity at home (p=0.013), Transportation activity(p=0.000) and total physical activity(p=0.012) in the gestational diabetes group was significantly lower compared to the healthy pregnant group. There was no significant difference in occupational physical activity(p=0.815) and Sports/exercise activities(p=0.104) between the two groups. The activities with light intensity(p=0.042) and moderate intensity(p=0.030) in the gestational diabetes group were significantly lower than the healthy group. No significant difference was observed in high-intensity activities (p=0.315) and sedentary behaviors (p=0.114) between the two groups.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the level of physical activity and activities with light and moderate intensity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes are lower than in healthy pregnant women, hence the development of prevention programs with aim of increasing the level of physical activity is necessary.
Physical Education
parisa ghasemi; farzad nazem; masoud etemadifar; hossein saki
Volume 29, Issue 2 , July and August 2022, , Pages 231-242
Abstract
Background: Scientific evidences indicated that occurance of the imbalance during walking and gait disfunction profile could be related to a multiple sclerosis conditions . Otherwise , exercise activities as a non- pharmacological agent could be effectiveness for MS persons . Aim of this study, is Pilates ...
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Background: Scientific evidences indicated that occurance of the imbalance during walking and gait disfunction profile could be related to a multiple sclerosis conditions . Otherwise , exercise activities as a non- pharmacological agent could be effectiveness for MS persons . Aim of this study, is Pilates and TRX programs intermediate on the dynamic balance , functional capacities in females with a multiple sclerosis conditions Methods: in this study 30 females with a MS conditions ( mean age : 57/7 ±41/37years ,disease history : 77/3 ± 31/11 ys and disability grade : EDSS 84/0± 81/1 ) were randomly divided into three groups of 10 people. control group, TRX and Pilates groups activated for a 8 weeks periods with a 3 days interval weekly . Dynamic balance, functional capacities variables were measured by a standard styles. Statistical analysis of data performed with a ANCOVA – ONE Way . A p value of 0.05 was set.Results: TRX and Pilates programs were induces a significantly differentces in Berg balance ,walking timing period ,TUG test , and 6 min speed walking (6MWDT ) in the two training groups and more prominently in the TRX group comparison with a control group ( p<0.05). But 2MWDT parameter in 3 groups weren,t outstanding statisticallyConclusion: Findindg indicated that TRX and Pilates programs intermediates were caused an improvement in functional capacities and balance indexes in females with a MS conditions. However, it seems that TRX pattern role on the selected independents variables was obviousely than a Pilates pattern
Physical Education
Haniyeh Soltani; Behrouz Abdoli; Alireza Farsi; Abbas Haghparast
Volume 29, Issue 1 , May and June 2022, , Pages 77-87
Abstract
Background: Many heroin-dependent people have defects in cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on cognitive functions of heroin-dependent men.Materials and Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental and applied in terms of purpose, which ...
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Background: Many heroin-dependent people have defects in cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on cognitive functions of heroin-dependent men.Materials and Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental and applied in terms of purpose, which was done by pretest-posttest with the control group. Thirty heroin addicts from the Addiction Treatment Center in Tehran participated in study as a sample and were divided into two groups: experimental and control. Participants performed semantic strop and n-back working memory test in the pre-test. The participants of the experimental group performed resistance training sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks in a circular manner consisting of three sets of 8-12 repetitions consisting of 6 movements with rest intervals of 1-2 minutes between sets and 3-5 minutes between movements. Finally, after the intervention, the post-test was performed. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of neutral semantic strop (f(1.27)=5/53 p=0.026), positive (f(1.27)=14/75 p=0.001), negative (f(1.27)=6/18 p=0.019) and working memory (f(1.27)=5/29 p=0.029). Due to the difference in means, in working memory, the performance of the experimental group was higher and also the semantic strope reaction time (neutral, positive and negative) was lower in the experimental group.Conclusion: In a general conclusion, it can be stated that a course of resistance training has a positive effect on cognitive functions (semantic strope and working memory) in heroin-dependent men.
Physical Education
soudabeh rezaei; Neda Khaledi
Volume 28, Issue 5 , November and December 2021, , Pages 688-699
Abstract
Introduction: Increasing the expression of FOXO1 gen in hippocampus as well as inflammatory factor of TNF-α in diabetic individual's causes the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and disrupts its performance. The aim of the present study was investigation of the effect of 6-weeks HIIT on ...
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Introduction: Increasing the expression of FOXO1 gen in hippocampus as well as inflammatory factor of TNF-α in diabetic individual's causes the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and disrupts its performance. The aim of the present study was investigation of the effect of 6-weeks HIIT on FOXO1 gene expression in the hippocampus and level of serum TNF-α in male Wistar diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: For this study, 48 male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) with 150±10 g weight were categorized in 4 groups of (n=12): diabetic rats, exercise diabetic, control and exercise control. For induction of diabetes, peritoneal injection of STZ solution (50 mg/kg) was used. After a week of familiarization with the environment and practice, HIIT protocol consisted of 3 days per week for 6 weeks with 50% to 110% of maximum oxygen consumption was performed. 24 hours after the completion of the exercise, the functional test was taken and the animals were autopsy 48 hours after the functional test. FOXO1 gene expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR technique.Results: Regarding the results, HIIT significantly decreased FOXO1 gene expression in training groups (P≤0.01). Also, TNF-α protein decreased significantly (P≤0/05). Weight gain of the hippocampus was associated with a reduction in the FOXO1 gene in the diabetic training group.Conclusion: HIIT probably reduce the weight loss of the hippocampal tissue that caused by diabetes, by reducing the FOXO1 apoptotic and inflammatory factors of TNF-α.
Physical Education
Vahid Kazemizadeh; Naser Behpour
Volume 28, Issue 4 , September and October 2021, , Pages 569-580
Abstract
Introduction: Sleep deprivation is one of those factors that affect the energy intake and appetite of individuals. It is reported that sleep deprivation affected by certain hormones (e.g. insulin, Leptin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin, etc.) that are involved in energy balance may affect body weight through ...
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Introduction: Sleep deprivation is one of those factors that affect the energy intake and appetite of individuals. It is reported that sleep deprivation affected by certain hormones (e.g. insulin, Leptin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin, etc.) that are involved in energy balance may affect body weight through appetite. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 30-hours sleep deprivation on the response of leptin and ghrelin levels to an Exhaustive activity among active male students.Materials and Methods: Among the active male students of Razi University of Kermanshah, 20 undergraduate students were selected through convenience sampling and participated in the study. Subjects were evaluated by simple randomized cross-sectional design in two situations.Results: Information related to the comparison of post-test and pre-test in two experimental (sleep deprivation) and control (adequate sleep) situations showed that leptin hormone in sleep deprivation conditions decreased compared to rest conditions (9.4 %) And ghrelin hormone in experimental conditions increased compared to control conditions (2.04%) and this difference is considered significant at the level (p = 0.0012). Insomnia also caused significant changes in physiological parameters (VO2max, heart rate, blood pressure, time to exhaustion, etc.).Conclusion: 30 hours of sleep deprivation decreased leptin and at the same time increased ghrelin, which indicates the importance of night sleep, which is one of the influential factors associated with obesity and overweight.
Physical Education
Mehdi Zarei; Rahim Golmohammadi; Elham Iziy; Seyed Mehdi Beheshti Nasr
Volume 28, Issue 2 , May and June 2021, , Pages 165-172
Abstract
Introduction: There has been no report on the effect of epilepsy on liver enzymes and lipoproteins and its changes following exercisetraining in epileptic rats with Pentylenetetrazole. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 70 male rats were placed in 7 groups. An intact group, three groups ...
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Introduction: There has been no report on the effect of epilepsy on liver enzymes and lipoproteins and its changes following exercisetraining in epileptic rats with Pentylenetetrazole. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 70 male rats were placed in 7 groups. An intact group, three groups of Kindle and three groups of non-Kindle who received PTZ or normal saline injections every 48 hours until the animals were kindled. 24 hours after Kindling, blood samples were collected in intact group and two groups of Kindle and non-Kindle. One Kindle group and one non-Kindle group from the remaining four groups performed aerobic exercise for six weeks, and the other two groups were inactive for six weeks. Blood were collected 24 hours after the 6-week period, and were compared with control groups. Results: After 4 weeks of Kindling period, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, liver enzymes (P <0.001) and antigenic coefficient (P <0.01) increased significantly in the epileptic group. After six weeks of aerobic exercise in Kindle animals; Triglycerides (P <0.001), liver enzymes (P <0.01) and antigenic coefficients significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein significantly increased (P <0.01). Conclusion: The results showed that aerobic exercise in epileptic rats with Pentylenetetrazole improved lipid profile impairement and increased liver enzymes caused by epilepsy.
Physical Education
tayebe Amiri Parsa; Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh hosseini; Nahid Bijeh; Mohammadreza Hamedinia
Volume 28, Issue 2 , May and June 2021, , Pages 197-206
Abstract
Introduction: The most common cause of polyneuropathy is diabetes. Very few studies have investigated the effects of combined training on diabetes and diabetic-peripheral neuropathy complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four months aerobicresistance training on glycosylated ...
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Introduction: The most common cause of polyneuropathy is diabetes. Very few studies have investigated the effects of combined training on diabetes and diabetic-peripheral neuropathy complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four months aerobicresistance training on glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with diabetic-peripheral neuropathy . Materials and methods: For this purpose, 21 patients with diabetic neuropathy, were divided into two groups of control (n =10) and experimental (n =11). The experimental group performed resistance - aerobic training three sessions per week for four months. Subjects’ fasting serum samples were obtained before the start of the study and after the first, second, third and fourth months of training. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA . Results: Total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin resistance and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, as well as weight and fat percentage in the experimental group did not change significantly (P> 0.05) . Conclusion: Stabilized glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic-neuropathy patients and no increase in total cholesterol, insulin resistance and triglyceride levels within four months is clinically important and indicate that regular resistance - aerobic training can delay progression and complications of the disease.
Physical Education
Hamid Arvin; Saeed Arsham; Hassan Rohbanfard; Mehrzad Moghadasi
Volume 28, Issue 2 , May and June 2021, , Pages 243-249
Abstract
Introduction: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the factors affecting nervous system efficiency and enhancing mental processes, which is significantly increased by environmental enrichment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a SPARK program on BDNF ...
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Introduction: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the factors affecting nervous system efficiency and enhancing mental processes, which is significantly increased by environmental enrichment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a SPARK program on BDNF in children with Down’s Syndrome (DS) and those with intellectual disability (ID). Materials and Methods: Twenty male students with DS and twenty male students with ID, aged 7 to 9 years, in Shiraz voluntarily participated in this quasi-experimental study. The participants in each group were randomly divided into two experimental and control subgroups. Experimental subgroups performed a selected SPARK program 3 sessions of 45 minutes per week for 12 weeks. Control subgroups did not participate in this intervention program. Blood sample were taken from all groups before and after SPARK program. After separation of serum from plasma by ELISA, BDNF levels were measured with a precision of 0.01 ng / ml using a Chinese Eastbiopharm Kit for human samples . Results: Analysis of variance (NOVA) with repeated measures showed a significant phase * group interaction. Further analysis showed no significant differences in BDNF level between the four groups in pretest. However, in post-test, both experimental subgroups (DS & ID) had significantly higher BDNF than control subgroups. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be argued that the selected SPARK program increases the level of BDNF in children with developmental disorders. However, the program has equally affected children with Down’s Syndrome and those with intellectual disabilities.
Physical Education
Fahimeh Keavanloo; Esmaeil ُSharifian; Kourosh Ghahraman Tabrizi; Mohammad Seyedahmadi
Volume 28, Issue 3 , May and June 2021, , Pages 413-424
Abstract
Introduction: Sports injuries among physical education students are prevalent and various factors, including management factors, affect them.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, by using the systematic design of the data based theory required information was collected from 12 physical ...
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Introduction: Sports injuries among physical education students are prevalent and various factors, including management factors, affect them.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, by using the systematic design of the data based theory required information was collected from 12 physical education teachers through targeted interviews. The interviews were then coded and a theoretical model of the research were developed. Finally, in order to evaluate the accuracy of theoretical model a questionnaire was designed and completed by 330 physical education students and the effect coefficients of different parts of the model were investigated by modeling structural equations in PLS software environment.
Results: The results of the analysis of qualitative data obtained from the interview led to the presentation of the model of prevention of sports injuries of physical education students based on managerial factors with 13 categories and 38 concepts in the form of 6 dimensions including causal factors, the main phenomenon, strategy, background characteristics, intervening conditions and outcomes. General test of structural equation modeling was performed using the Goodness of Fit Test and was confirmed(GOF = 0.74). The statistical value of T for the effect of each ofcausal factors, background characteristics, intervening conditions was higher than (1.96), so their effect was confirmed.
Conclusion: Thus, by modifying the approach of student admission, educational programming and securing places along with teaching and informing, we will be able to significantly reduce the incidence of sports injuries in physical education students.
Physical Education
morteza hajinia; AmirHossein Haghighi; Roya Asgari
Volume 28, Issue 3 , May and June 2021, , Pages 457-465
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that can be controlled and prevented by increasing energy expenditure and stimulating factors related to the browning of white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity resistance training on Irisin and Fibroblast ...
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Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that can be controlled and prevented by increasing energy expenditure and stimulating factors related to the browning of white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity resistance training on Irisin and Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in overweight men.
Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 20 overweight men (mean 36.56± 3.33 years and body mass index 29.41± 3.02 kg/m2) were randomly selected. They were assigned in two groups of high-intensity resistance training and control. The program of the Resistance Group was conducted in a circular shape with an intensity of 85-80% of a maximum repetition, three sessions per week for eight weeks. 24 hours before and 48 hours after the training period, serum Irisin levels and FGF21 subjects were measured in the fasting state. Data analysis was performed by correlated t-test and ANCOVA at the significance level of P<0.01.
Results: Irisin and FGF21 Serum levels in the high-intensity resistance training group showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.01). Bodyweight, BMI, and body fat percentage in the high-intensity resistance training group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group, while a significant increase was observed in the control group (P<0.01).
Conclusion: It seems that high-intensity resistance training can be emphasized as an effective step in convert white adipose tissue to brown and improving the body composition of overweight and obese people.
Physical Education
Rahimeh Moosavi; Fahimeh Kazemi; Parvaneh Nazarali
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 41-47
Abstract
Introduction: It is known that the total-body resistance exercise (TRX) is a new training method to improve muscle strength and muscle mass, but, the impact of TRX training on the hormones involved in regulating muscle mass remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects ...
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Introduction: It is known that the total-body resistance exercise (TRX) is a new training method to improve muscle strength and muscle mass, but, the impact of TRX training on the hormones involved in regulating muscle mass remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of one period of TRX training on serum concentration of myostatin and follistatin in inactive women. Materials and methods: In an experimental study with pre- and post-test design, 27 inactive women aged 20 to 40 years were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=12) and TRX (n=15). The TRX group performed for eight weeks and three sessions a week on selected TRX trainings, which included 6 main movements for 60 minutes. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 hours after the last exercise session and serum concentration of myostatin and follistatin was measure. Independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test was used for analyzing data. Results: The results showed that TRX training resulted in a significant reduction in serum myostatin (TRX: 42.53 ± 8.64 pg/ml versus control: 52.77 ± 12.90 pg/ml) when compared to the control group (P= 0.021). Also, TRX training resulted in a significant increase in serum follistatin (TRX: 1865.93 ± 209.78 pg/ml versus control: 1651.41 ± 164.92 pg/ml) when compared to the control group (P= 0.008). Conclusion: According to the present findings, it seems that one period of TRX training may be result in decrease of myostatin and increase of follistatin hormones in inactive women
Physical Education
neda Aghaei Bahmanbeglou; mohammad sherafati moghadam; farhad daryanoosh; Saeedeh Shadmehri; Shiva Jahani Golbar
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 49-55
Abstract
Introduction: The complex pathway of a rapamycin target in mammals (mTORC1) is one of the important pathways in protein synthesis in the heart, which in type 1diabetes can led to impairment and is a factor for hypertrophy. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of high intensity interval ...
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Introduction: The complex pathway of a rapamycin target in mammals (mTORC1) is one of the important pathways in protein synthesis in the heart, which in type 1diabetes can led to impairment and is a factor for hypertrophy. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the mTORC1 pathway in heart muscle tissue of type 1 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 16 SpragueDawley male rats (with mean weight of 300±20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ and nicotinamide were randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training (8 head) and diabetic control (8 head). The experimental group performed 4 days a week the exercise training for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent T-test was used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant increase in the content of AKT1 (p < 0.027), mTOR (p < 0.003) and P70S6K1 (p < 0.024) proteins in the training group compared to control group, while significant change was not observed in the content of 4EBP1 (p < 0.75) in the training group compared to control group. Conclusion: HIIT for 4 weeks can activate the pathway AKT1/mTOR/P70S6K1 on the mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, HIIT by this pathway could lead to physiologic hypertrophy in the heart of type 1 diabetic subjects.
Physical Education
shila Nayebi far; Elham Ghasemi
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 106-114
Abstract
Introduction: The assessment of changes in liver Aminotranspherases and Insulin resistance following 4 weeks of exercise trainings have been of great importance in order to prevent liver diseases. The purpose of present study is to determine the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval trainings ...
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Introduction: The assessment of changes in liver Aminotranspherases and Insulin resistance following 4 weeks of exercise trainings have been of great importance in order to prevent liver diseases. The purpose of present study is to determine the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval trainings together with ginger on serum levels of liver enzymes and insulin resistance in pioneer football players. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 46 football pioneer men (40-50 years) were selected according to selective and on purpose sampling, and were divided into 4 groups of Ginger+Training, Gnger, Training+placebo and control. The training groups performed high intensity trainings for 4 weeks with 90% HRmax while supplementation groups consumed 3×1000 mg ginger capsules daily. Blood sampling was done before and 48 hours after the intervention in fasting state. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-wilk, Two way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests in p < 0.05 significant level. Results: 4 weeks of ginger and HIIT decreased HOMA, ALT, AST, Glucose, Insulin, weight, WC and BMI significantly in experimental groups (Ginger, Train-Ginger, Train-placebo) compared to pretest (p≤0.05). The mean changes in mentioned indices showed better improvements in ginger+training group compared to other groups (p≤0.05). Conclusion: It seems that ginger intake together with high intensity interval exercises is an efficient factor in non-alcoholic fatty liver prevention and improvement by augmentation in fat metabolism through putting desirable results on serum liver enzymes, insulin resistance and body composition in pioneer football men players.
Physical Education
ghasem masodzade; alireza barari; Asieh AbbasiDaloii; parvin farzanegi
Volume 27, Issue 6 , January and February 2021, , Pages 818-824
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is a fatty liver accumulation that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, liver carcinoma and diabetes, and physical exercises can possibly reduce liver fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on high ...
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Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is a fatty liver accumulation that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, liver carcinoma and diabetes, and physical exercises can possibly reduce liver fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on high and moderate levels on serum levels of FGF-21 and PON-1 in non-alcoholic fatty liver. Materials and Methods: To five equal groups: 1 control(healthy); 2) control(Fatty Liver) ; 3) saline; 4) high intensity exercise; 5) moderate intensity exercises. The period of exercise trainings was performed at 8 weeks, five times a week and 45 minutes in an exercise session. Serum samples were collected 48 hours after the last exercise session and at 12- hour fasting. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used at the level of P Results: The levels of FGF-21had a significant decrease in the high and moderate intensity exercise groups than the control(Fatty Liver) (P≤0.001). Also, the levels of PON-1 had a significant increase in the high and moderate intensity exercise groups than the control(Fatty Liver) (P≤0.01), but no significantly difference between the two groups was observed. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that high and moderate intensity exercise training can decrease FGF-21 and increase paraoxonase-1 serum levels which can result in reduced risk of liver diseases in rat Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Physical Education
Bentol Hoda asadi; mandana gholami; Hossein Abed Natanzi; nader shakeri
Volume 27, Issue 5 , November and December 2020, , Pages 664-671
Abstract
Introduction: Irisin is one of the skeletal muscle secreted myokine that can affect the growth of cancer cells and influence the muscular tissue changes. In the present study, the effect of four weeks continuous and interval exercise training on serum and muscular levels of irisin in breast cancer bearing ...
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Introduction: Irisin is one of the skeletal muscle secreted myokine that can affect the growth of cancer cells and influence the muscular tissue changes. In the present study, the effect of four weeks continuous and interval exercise training on serum and muscular levels of irisin in breast cancer bearing mice were investigated.
Materials and Methods: The 32 female Balb/c mice assigned in four group with eight mice including: healthy control, tumor control, interval training+tumor and continuous training+tumor groups. In order to induce breast cancer, MC4-L2 cell line were used. Interval and continuous exercise training program conducted in four weeks and five sessions per week. The 48 hours after last exercise training session, blood samples and gastrocnemius muscle tissue were isolated and used for measurement of irisin levels by ELISA method. Data analyze performed by one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey post-hock test and significant considered at p≤0.05.
Results: Significant increase of irisin serum levels in continuous (p=0.002) and interval (p=0.011) training group compared to tumor control group was observed. Tumor volume significantly decreased in continuous and interval training group (p>0.05), but not significant changes in gastrocnemius muscle weight observed after continuous and interval training (p>0.05).
Conclusion: According to present study findings, the observed antitumor effects of continuous and interval training can partly attribute to increase in irisin levels and there is no significant difference between continuous and interval exercise training
Physical Education
fateme falah; farhad rahmani nia; ramin shabani; zahra Hojati Zidashti
Volume 27, Issue 5 , November and December 2020, , Pages 674-682
Abstract
Introduction: In aged women, elevated levels of some proinflammatory markers are risk factors for the development of diseases. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week walking at two different intensities on inflammatory factors in elderly woman.
Materials and Methods: Thirty untrained elderly ...
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Introduction: In aged women, elevated levels of some proinflammatory markers are risk factors for the development of diseases. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week walking at two different intensities on inflammatory factors in elderly woman.
Materials and Methods: Thirty untrained elderly women (60—75 years) randomly divided into three groups. Moderate tempo walking group (MTWG, n=11), Brisk walking group (BWG, n=10), and the control group (CG, n=9). The MTWG, walked at 50—55% maximum heart rate reserve (HRRmax) and the BWG walked at %70-75 HRRmax. Both walking groups trained 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, starting from 30 to 60 minutes and the CG remained untrained. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition, leukocyte counts (WBC) and plasma levels of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured before and after the study period. To analyze the data, oneway analysis of variance, Scheffe test and dependent t-test was used (P≤0.05).
Results: VO2max, increased significantly in BWG. Body weights, percent body fat (p =0.000), body mass index (p = 0.003) significantly decreased, and percent muscle (p = 0.000) increased in both exercise groups. Percent visceral fat (p = 0.028) significantly decreased in BWG. Also, BWG showed a significant reduction in WBC counts compared to baseline levels (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of TNF-α between the groups.
Conclusion: The results showed that regular walking program can affect body composition in elderly women, however, it may not be effective in reducing systemic inflammatory markers.