Epidemiology and Statistics
ali akbarpoursohbatabadi; azam moslemi; fatemeh dorreh; mohamad rafiei
Volume 29, Issue 1 , May and June 2022, , Pages 51-64
Abstract
Background: Congenital Hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalence disease of endocrinology and metabolic infant and important caused of mental deficiency. Hypothyroidism in the secondary causes represented by problem in pituitary or hypothalamus and shortage of TSH . clinical symptom of Hypothyroidism ...
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Background: Congenital Hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalence disease of endocrinology and metabolic infant and important caused of mental deficiency. Hypothyroidism in the secondary causes represented by problem in pituitary or hypothalamus and shortage of TSH . clinical symptom of Hypothyroidism at the first days of birth are indiscernible so only way of diagnosis and treatment of that, is screening. In this study we used the bootstrap method to evaluation the ROC curve of diagnostic screening TSH test. Materials and Methods: in this study A bootstrap method is proposed to plot ROC curve and determinate the cut point of TSH & T4 based on YOUDEN method. at the first generated subsample and estimated ROC and cut-off point for each sample. the procedure run for 500 replicate. for each replicate selected cut-off where have maximum YOUDEN. The cut-off point calculated for 500 replications from each sample and then selected mean of 500 replicate. The cut-off which have minimum misclassification selected optimal cut-off point.Results: based ordinary method to estimate the ROC curve the optimal cut-off point for TSH variable is 10MU/L and for T4 variable is 100MU/DL which based the bootstrap method respectively optimal cut-off point for TSH is 9.54 and for T4 is 101.5.Conclusion: the optimal cut-off point where obtained from bootstrap method have minimum misclassification rate versus ordinary method. based the small sample bootstrap have minimum misclassification rate toward ordinary method with large sample.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Ali Asghar Ghaleˈe Noeie; Hossein Ansari; Abolfazl Payandeh; Gholamreza Soleimani; Hossein Kamani; Ali Meshkinian
Volume 28, Issue 6 , January and February 2022, , Pages 862-873
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically among children. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms among school‐age children in Zahedan, southeast of Iran.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,600 primary school girls and boys were ...
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Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically among children. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms among school‐age children in Zahedan, southeast of Iran.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,600 primary school girls and boys were examined by multistage random sampling. Data were collected using the International ISAAC Questionnaire. The data were analyzed in Stata.14 software using chi-square test, multiple logistic regression and Kappa coefficient.Results: The prevalence of asthma based on physician diagnosis was 6.2%. The prevalence of asthma was statistically significant in girls with 8.3% and boys with 4.2% (P
Epidemiology and Statistics
behnaz beygi; hamidreza bahrami; Reza Eftekhari Gol; Ehsan Musa Farkhani
Volume 28, Issue 5 , November and December 2021, , Pages 751-764
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. The 10-year risk assessment of this illness is an essential step in managing future illness. This study aimed to compare Framingham Risk Score and Globorisk cardiovascular disease prediction models in the next ten years.
Materials ...
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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. The 10-year risk assessment of this illness is an essential step in managing future illness. This study aimed to compare Framingham Risk Score and Globorisk cardiovascular disease prediction models in the next ten years.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using Mashhad's Electronic Health Record data with total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, smoking, blood pressure, and diabetes. The study population was people aged 30 years and older, with a sample of 161,828 people. T-test and chi-square tests were used to determine the relationship of dependence between the variables, and P-value less than 0.05 was considered.
Results: The participants included 74.1% females. According to the Globorisk model, 67.2% of females and 79.9% of males were in the low-risk group, while in the Framingham model, this rate was 48.5% and 54.9%, respectively, in females and males. According to the Globorisk and Framingham model, 66.2% and 34.1% of people 70 years and older were high-risk. Both models also showed that people with diabetes and smokers are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease in the next ten years.
Conclusion: Considering the increased cardiovascular risk, it is necessary to use the capabilities of these models to assess the risk of disease in the next ten years and take measures to improve the community's general health and prevent cardiovascular events.
Epidemiology and Statistics
yalda ravanshad; Mohadese Golsorkhi; elham Bakhtiari; aghil lollah keykhosravi; anoush azarfar; malihe shoja; mohamad behazin; sahar ravanshad; alireza ghodsi
Volume 28, Issue 2 , May and June 2021, , Pages 183-188
Abstract
Introduction: The patient’s self-discharge from the hospital is a process in which the patient leaves the hospital voluntarily without completing the course of treatment, despite medical advice, and can indicate patient dissatisfaction and a significant challenge for health system managers. This ...
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Introduction: The patient’s self-discharge from the hospital is a process in which the patient leaves the hospital voluntarily without completing the course of treatment, despite medical advice, and can indicate patient dissatisfaction and a significant challenge for health system managers. This study was conducted to investigate the causes and consequences of a patient's self-discharge from Dr. Sheikh Hospital as a referral center in the northeast of Iran.
Material and Method: All patients who were discharged with the personal consent from the hospital with personal consent between October 2014 and March 2015 were included in the study. A checklist was used to collect data. The patients' outcome was completed by telephone a week later. Finally, SPSS statistical software was used to evaluate the results.
Results: Totally, 51 patients were included in this study. The leading causes of discharge with personal consent were including dissatisfaction with the physician and medical staff in 23 patients (45.1%), home care preference in 12 patients (23.5%), distance from the hospital in 5 patients (9.8%), teaching at the hospital in 3 patients (،5.9), the high cost of treatment in 3 patients (9 5.9), the overcrowding of the hospital in 3 patients (9 5.9) and the lack of specialist or diagnostic and therapeutic devices in 2 patients (3.9%). Also, in the study of patients' outcome, 21 patients (41.1%) referred to the doctor again, 18 patients (35.3%) continued treatment at home, 9 patients (17.7%) were readmitted and 2 patients (3.9%) died.
Conclusion: The most common cause of discharge with personal consent was dissatisfaction from the treatment team. Given that 3.9% of patients have died and a large number of patients have been re-referred to the doctor and be readmitted, it seems that justifying patients to refrain from self-discharge is in the patient's best interest.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Kolsomeh Chamani; Mohammad Reza Hamedinia; Mohammad Reza Moein Frad; tayebe Amiri Parsa
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 13-21
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was the investigation of obesity prevalence and some related factors in Bojnord female. Materials and Methods: The samples consisting of 380 females of 3050 years of age, were selected based on random cluster sampling method. A researcher made questionnaire ...
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Introduction: The purpose of this study was the investigation of obesity prevalence and some related factors in Bojnord female. Materials and Methods: The samples consisting of 380 females of 3050 years of age, were selected based on random cluster sampling method. A researcher made questionnaire was prepared for gathering data about breeding and obesity. The Beck questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the female aged 30-50 years of the city of Bojnord were 21.8 and 43.4 percent, respectively. Conclusion: The results also showed that age of the first Parturition (P=0/06), lactation duration (P=0/26), the age of the first menstrual period (P=0/24), TV watching duration in 24 hours (P=0/61), physical activity index during job (P=0/36) and exercising (P=0/21) among three groups were not significantly differnece. Age (P=0/00), children number (P=0/01), pregnancy number (P=0/00), duration of consumption of Oral contraceptive pill (P=0/03), sitting and physical inactivity in female normal weight in comparison with obese female (P=0/01)were significantly lower, and physical activity index in leasure time (P=0/00) and marriage age (P=0/03) were higer. Considering the high prevalence of obesity and overweight in Bojnord, it is recommended that women do more physical activity and further information be made for women about obesity-related risk factors, recognize symptoms and illnesses caused by obesity and ultimately prevent and reduce chronic diseases and their costs resulting from treatment programs should be done
Epidemiology and Statistics
Monavar Afzal Aghai; Ehsan Musa Farkhani; Behnaz Beygi; Reza Eftekhari Gol; Vajihe Eslami; Hamid Reza Bahrami
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 124-132
Abstract
Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia Has been raised due to high prevalence and adverse effects as one of the main problems of public health in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal iron deficiency anemia and its effect on birth weight in a population covered ...
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Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia Has been raised due to high prevalence and adverse effects as one of the main problems of public health in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal iron deficiency anemia and its effect on birth weight in a population covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic research, information on the birth of newborns was extracted from the Sina Electronic Health Record System. In this study, pregnant mothers were divided into two groups: anemia and non-anemia, 4 groups: moderate to severe, mild, normal and high hemoglobin, and 9 groups with 10 g/L interval from severe anemia to high hemoglobin. Data analysis was performed using statistical software STATA 14 and descriptive statistics, t test and logistic regression. The significance level in this study was considered 0.05. Results: Result of this study showed Low concentration of Hemoglobin was associated with higher odds of Low Birth Weight (OR:1.19 P:0.271) abnormal head circumference (OR:1.07 P:0.611) and abnormal hight (OR:1.10 P:0.587) When compared with normal hemoglobin. The risk of this factors across 9 pregnancy hemoglobin groups depended on severity of anemia. In this study high hemoglobin concentration was associated with an elevated risk of Low Birth Weight, abnormal head circumference and abnormal hight of neonate. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that high and Low maternal hemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy can have an adverse effect on neonatal weight and height.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Massoud Hajia
Volume 26, Issue 3 , September and October 2019, , Pages 311-318
Abstract
Today, molecular typing methods play an essential role in many medical issues. These techniques, which are introduced every day by introducing new methods, increase the accuracy of their results. They have also enabled us to better understanding the status quo, advice on health system problematic subjects, ...
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Today, molecular typing methods play an essential role in many medical issues. These techniques, which are introduced every day by introducing new methods, increase the accuracy of their results. They have also enabled us to better understanding the status quo, advice on health system problematic subjects, and avoid further preventive measures from occurring. Molecular typing methods allow researchers to study the association between isolated pathogens and compare the results to their colonized origin. It also helps to differentiate and detect environmental contaminations from infectious species, identify and track hospital infections from its source. Nowadays, these methods have been used in many countries in health centers and hospitals. These tests have been able to play a significant role in controlling the spread of infection and reducing health costs. One of these tests is Pulse Field Jel Electrophoresis (PFGE) that plays an important role in water- and food-borne disease. Set of the whole system requires huge investment throughout the country need in order to provide a laboratory network to register all sporadic and epidemic cases. This program will not be progress without the support of health system with cooperation of and research centers.Therefore, in this paper, we tried to examine the features and limitations of the pulse field electrophoresis, and provide a functional model that would help the health system to provide the required warning. It is hoped that with the corrective comments of the dear scholars, there would be an appropriate system for achieving this goal.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Behnaz Beygi; HamidReza Bahrami; Reza Eftekhari Gol; najmeh Mohajeri; batsabeh Yousefi; Hossein Boosaeed; Ehsan Musa Farkhani
Volume 26, Issue 1 , March and April 2019, , Pages 127-132
Abstract
Background: Despite progress in health, Contamination of lice are considered as a health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of Pediculosis in the cities covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2016.Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive ...
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Background: Despite progress in health, Contamination of lice are considered as a health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of Pediculosis in the cities covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2016.Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive and analytical cross sectional. Information from 7453 Pediculosis patients was extracted from the Sina Electronic Health Record in a 4-month period (November 2016 to March 2017). To show the spatial distribution of the disease, was used the GIS software. That was used SPSS software to analyze the data and graph pad software to plot the graphs. Results: The study showed that 91.2% of the total population was women and 64.1% were adolescents aged between 7 and 18 years old. Prevalence rates in elementary and children under the 6 years were 42.6% and 31.8%, respectively, with the highest prevalence. Pediclusis transmission was 64.6% in schools and 46.3% in the direct transmission method. Based on spatial distribution map of Khalilabad, the highest prevalence and Kalat were the least prevalence among Khorasan Razavi counties.Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, it can be said that elementary girls are more likely to expose to contamination. Schools were the most probable places of contamination, and direct contact were the most common way of contamination was obtained. People with higher levels of education were less likely to be infected.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Amin Ataey; Elnaz Jafarvand
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, , Pages 773-780
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground: Annually, about 1.5 million deaths occur due to tuberculosis in the world. The tenth grade is the global burden of diseases and it is expected to maintain its rank by 2020. On the other hand, information about the death and its causes are essential for assessing the health status ...
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ABSTRACTBackground: Annually, about 1.5 million deaths occur due to tuberculosis in the world. The tenth grade is the global burden of diseases and it is expected to maintain its rank by 2020. On the other hand, information about the death and its causes are essential for assessing the health status of the region and analyzing health plans and interventions.Materials and Methods: In this study, data from deaths in Iran from 2006 to 2010 published by the Ministry of Health was used. Death data from tuberculosis during the study period and mortality rates were determined based on age, sex, and residence, and the trend of mortality from tuberculosis was determined. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2016 software.Results: In total five years, 60.7% of deaths were related to males and 39.3% were females. The highest mortality rate was due to pulmonary tuberculosis with 87.7%. Also, death from tuberculosis in urban areas is more than rural areas. In terms of age, the highest number of deaths is in the age group above70 years.Discussion: The results of this study showed that the trend of death due to tuberculosis is decreasing, but this process is very slow. In order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, basic measures such as education, disease screening, early treatment should be taken into consideration.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Maryam Askari; Mohammad hassan Lotfi; Mohammad bagher Owlia; Hossain Fallahzadeh; Masoud Mohammadi
Volume 25, Issue 6 , November and December 2018, , Pages 854-863
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, due to which the fractures result in huge economic and social costs every year for the health system of the country and the people, therefore, the present study was conducted to review the risk factors for osteoporosis.Materials ...
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Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, due to which the fractures result in huge economic and social costs every year for the health system of the country and the people, therefore, the present study was conducted to review the risk factors for osteoporosis.Materials and Methods: The present article is a narrative review in which articles published in Persian and English at the Google scholar, SID, PubMed, and Science Direct databases from 2000 to 2016 using key words of osteoporosis, Bone density, Risk factor, Bone Mineral Density, Age, Sex, BMI and Menopause.Results: In the study of 19 articles in this study, the most important risk factors for osteoporosis were odds ratio, the age of 60 years old 22.9(19), body mass index (BMI) less than 25, 4.2 (22), inactivity Physical exercise 2.1 (20) and exercise less than 3 hours 2.8 (21), the number of deliveries more than 3 times 2.1 (22), hookah consumption 12.7 (20) and menopause 29.6 (23), Low dairy consumption was 34.2 (23), family history of 2.3 (23), Use of glucocorticoids 3.6 (22).Conclusion: The most important risk factors for osteoporosis mentioned in the studies related to the lifestyle, Therefore, health programs, attention to nutrition and physical activity from childhood and adolescence should be considered by health policy-makers.
Epidemiology and Statistics
elham navipour; habibollah esmaily; majid ghayourmobarhan
Volume 25, Issue 5 , November and December 2018, , Pages 619-628
Abstract
Introduction: The lack of timely control of diabetes leads to irreparable complications in other organs of the body, including the heart, kidney and eye. The aim of this study was to, Identify determinative Factors the Occurrence of Pre-Diabetes Using Logistic Regression Model in Mashhad by using logistic ...
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Introduction: The lack of timely control of diabetes leads to irreparable complications in other organs of the body, including the heart, kidney and eye. The aim of this study was to, Identify determinative Factors the Occurrence of Pre-Diabetes Using Logistic Regression Model in Mashhad by using logistic regression model.Material and Methods: This is an analytical- cross sectional study. The data are related to MASHAD study. The population was selected by using stratified-cluster sampling. The samples included 8810 individuals aged 35-64 years. Independent variables included: demographic information, anthropometric index, blood pressure, anxiety, depression, physical activity level, healthy and unhealthy diet patterns, inflammatory, biochemical and lipid factors. SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data and a significant level of 0.05 was considered. The Logistic regression model was fitted to identify the determinant factors on the data.Results The prevalence of pre-diabetes was, 10.2% (885 cases). The results showed statistically significant association between age, anthropometric index, blood pressure, anxiety, depression, pattern Healthy and unhealthy diet, hs-CRP, uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride and pre-diabetes (p
Epidemiology and Statistics
Ammar Salehisahlabadi; hossein jadid
Volume 25, Issue 4 , September and October 2018, , Pages 487-494
Abstract
Background and objective:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease which is created by the accumulation of fat in the liver. Several studies have reported the prevalence of fatty liver in Iran, with different results. Our goal is to estimate the Overall prevalence ...
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Background and objective:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease which is created by the accumulation of fat in the liver. Several studies have reported the prevalence of fatty liver in Iran, with different results. Our goal is to estimate the Overall prevalence of fatty liver in Iranian children and adolescents.Materials and methods:We searched the national and international databases (PubMed ,Science Direct ,Scopus ,Web of Science),) Magiran,Iran Medex , and Scientific Information Database) With keyword " prevalence ", "Nonalcoholic fatty liver", "fatty liver", "children", "adolescents" and "Iran" from the years 1998-2017. The variance of each study was calculated by the binomial distribution formula. We used a random effect model to combine the prevalence rates reported in the studies. The STATA software (version 12) was used to analyze the data.Results: Eight studies were identified with of a total of 6118 subjects. The pooled prevalence of NAFLD in both population (male and female) was 27.88% (95%CI: 18.7% to 37.02%) .In both populations there was marked heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99.3%). There was evidence that prevalence was generally higher in males compared with females .Conclusion:Our review suggests the prevalence of NAFLD in children and adolescent is high, particularly in those who are obese and in males.
Epidemiology and Statistics
mahnaz tarkhasi; somayeh tazari; Sahar Eghbali; ali hosseinzadeh; Sedighe Rastaghi; HASSAN naemi
Volume 25, Issue 3 , July and August 2018, , Pages 287-296
Abstract
Target: Head lice infestation is worldwide and it is considered as an important health issue not only in deprived societies but also in developed countries societies as well. The object of this project is to investigate head lice prevalence in primary schools in Sabzevar city.Research Method: This study ...
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Target: Head lice infestation is worldwide and it is considered as an important health issue not only in deprived societies but also in developed countries societies as well. The object of this project is to investigate head lice prevalence in primary schools in Sabzevar city.Research Method: This study was of type descriptive and in form of sectional studies which was done in 2015-2016. The Target population was entity of primary school students and sample was 1200 people population. Sampling was of simple-random kind and checklist were used for data collection. Then Data was registered (recorded) in SPSS V 19 software. analysis of data was done according to chi-square test description.Results: The number of studied students was 1200, 30.9% were boys and 69.1% were girls. The highest prevalence of head lice infestations was in cases where their fathers were free (81.5%), and their literacy level (65.66%). There was no correlation between the type of residential home and contamination of the research samples (P = 0.71). There was no relation between the students' bases (P = 0.32), the existence of a health educator (P = 0.9) and father's occupation with head lice infection (P = 0.54). Result: Head lice infestation (Pediculosis capitis) is still a crucial health issue worldwide. It is recommendable that proper information is provided to primary schools teachers so that appropriate utilization of their capabilities in students’ instruction, screening & treatment (Therapy) is made possible.
Epidemiology and Statistics
HASSAN naemi; alireza ghorbani; Seyed Mjid Ghazanfari; Maryam Masoudifar; Reza Koshkenaghi
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May and June 2018, , Pages 161-167
Abstract
Introduction: Traffic accidents are the second leading cause of death in the world and the second cause of death in developing regions. In city after cardiovascular diseases as a model country in second place is death. The purpose of this study are important factors in accidents within the city. Materials ...
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Introduction: Traffic accidents are the second leading cause of death in the world and the second cause of death in developing regions. In city after cardiovascular diseases as a model country in second place is death. The purpose of this study are important factors in accidents within the city. Materials and Methods: This study is longitudinal. All the injured were hospitalized population (550 patients) in Shahid Beheshti Hospital due to traffic accidents in the city of Sabzevar, dated 15/03/89 till 15/03/90 was a self-made questionnaire was used. To valid questionnaires from experts Center for Disease Control and traffic control center experts and its reliability was 7/96. A descriptive study analyzed data and the results were presented in tables and charts. Results: 87% of men with the highest frequency of their gender. More age group 20 to 40 years with a 40% share belongs. Most of the victims of the drivers (60%) was formed. Most vehicle crashes Tasyrgzaz with 4/73% motorcycle. 8/84% of vehicle occupants were not using seat belts and 5/92% of drivers not wearing two-wheeled vehicles. 1.27% of vehicles checked were speeding in the city. 6/40% of the drivers in an accident, did not observe traffic rules and the highest percentage of accidents during the hours of 7 am to 12 am occurred Conclusion: In order to reduce traffic accidents, among children and youth culture in the long term and plan to deal with accidental violations, including speeding, non-use of safety belts and helmets are recommended.
Epidemiology and Statistics
Somayyeh Nadi Ravandi
Volume 24, Issue 4 , July and August 2017, , Pages 257-263
Abstract
Background: Research synthesis studies are a way to retrieve, review, synthesize, analyze and integrate the original research results. This study introduces a variety of methods such studies and then has investigated the status of published articles in PubMed. Material and method: In first part, researcher ...
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Background: Research synthesis studies are a way to retrieve, review, synthesize, analyze and integrate the original research results. This study introduces a variety of methods such studies and then has investigated the status of published articles in PubMed. Material and method: In first part, researcher used library method and then investigated the status of the production of articles in PubMed and analyzed extracted data with excel software. Results: The results showed that all research synthesis studies have been growing in recent years and researchers have recognized their importance. Conclusion: Due to the increasing size and number of specialized information, awareness and use of the results of research synthesis studies can be very effective in evidence-based clinical decision making. Given that most studies in Iran are systematic review and meta-analysis studies, paper can provide new look to synthesis studies.