Physiology & Pharmacology
Bahram Farhadi Moghaddam; Masoud Fereidoni
Volume 28, Issue 1 , January and February 2021, , Pages 116-122
Abstract
Introduction: Many investigations revealed that the inflammatory process induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion causes brain damages and cognitive impairments. On the other hand, Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) is one of the important vitamin K2 types that has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, in this study, ...
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Introduction: Many investigations revealed that the inflammatory process induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion causes brain damages and cognitive impairments. On the other hand, Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) is one of the important vitamin K2 types that has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of administration of MK-4 on the level of gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines following global ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this research, 20 adult male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomly selected in 5 experimental groups and studied: control (intact), sham (surgery without carotid artery occlusion), ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion + intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DMSO as MK-4 solvent, treatment (ischemia/reperfusion + i.p. injection of MK-4). For induction ischemic model, common carotid occlusion was performed for 20 minutes. In the treatment group i.p. injection of 200 mg/kg MK-4 was done 20 minutes after obstruction (immediately and 2 hours after reperfusion). 24 hours after reperfusion, mRNA expression level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were assessed. Results: I.p. administration of MK-4 could significantly decrease mRNA expression level of TNF-α (p < 1.15), IL-1β and IL-6 (p < 0.001) induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that MK-4 administration following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion could diminish the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and maybe cause neuroprotective effects. Received.
Masoud Fereydoni; Maliheh Eskandari; Ali Moghimi
Volume 20, Issue 4 , January and February 2014, , Pages 423-434
Abstract
Introduction: Morphine has been known as a drug with different paradoxical effects, analgesic and hyperalgesic. On the other hand, repeated morphine administration, induces morphine tolerance in mammals. The aim of recent study is investigating tolerance to morphine in Drosophila melanogaster and the ...
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Introduction: Morphine has been known as a drug with different paradoxical effects, analgesic and hyperalgesic. On the other hand, repeated morphine administration, induces morphine tolerance in mammals. The aim of recent study is investigating tolerance to morphine in Drosophila melanogaster and the effect of Oseltamivir (an inhibitor of G2 receptors) on hyperalgesia induced by low concentrations of morphine and morphine tolerance.
Materials and methods: In this study, stage 3 of larvae and adult state of wild Drosophila melanogaster were used. For evaluating the effect of Oseltamivir on hyperalgesic effect of low concentration Morphine, Oseltamivir (0.2 mg/l) and low concentrations of morphine were added to media culture. Then behavior of larvae and adults to thermal (using Hot plate, 47˚C) and chemical (capsaicin and acetic acid) pain stimulations were recorded. For morphine tolerance experiments in larvae, repeated morphine administration (0.1 and 0.01 mg/l) was done and their response to thermal pain was evaluated. The same method was used in adults but with other doses of morphine (200 and 300 mg/l). Finally to investigate the mechanism of morphine tolerance, Oseltamivir was administered too.
Results: morphine tolerance was occurred in Drosophila melanogaster similar to mammals. Repeated morphine administration diminished anti nociceptive effects of morphine (p