نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
مربی، گروه مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه تفرش، تفرش، ایران.
چکیده
اهداف در سال‌های اخیر پیشرفت‌های شگرفی در زمینه فرایندهای غشایی صورت گرفته و کاربرد این فناوری در تصفیه آب به طور فزاینده‌ای افزایش یافته است. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین کیفیت فیزیکی و شیمیایی و میکروبی آب آشامیدنی خروجی دستگاه‌های آب‌شیرین‌کن بخش خصوصی شهرستان ساوه معروف به ایسین و مقایسه نتایج با استانداردهای ایران است.
مواد و روش ها این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی‌مقطعی است که 15 نمونه در هر روز، به مدت 7 ماه در سال 1393-1394 سنجش شد. آزمایش‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی بر اساس روش‌های استاندارد آب‌وفاضلاب صورت گرفت. آزمایش‌های میکروبی کلی‌فرم کل و کلی‌فرم مدفوعی با روش تخمیر چندلوله‌ای و باکتری‌های هتروتروف به روش پورپلیت انجام گرفت.
یافته ها نتایج نشان داد میانگین مقدار متغیر فیزیکی کدورت NTU 0/1، میانگین متغیرهای شیمیایی هدایت الکتریکی (μs/cm)، سختی کل، سختی کلسیم و سختی منیزیم (میلی‌گرم بر لیتر کربنات کلسیم)، قلیایی‌بودن، کلسیم، منیزیم، فلوراید، فسفات، نیترات، نیتریت، سولفات، پتاسیم، سدیم، کلرید، کلر باقی‌مانده برحسب میلی‌گرم بر لیتر و pH به ترتیب 476، 06/103، 89/78، 80/9، 42/76، 28/37، 45/2، 11/0، 10/0، 3/8، 003/0، 71/37، 37/0، 23/68، 19/62، 74/0، 6/7، میانگین متغیرهای میکروبی کلی‌فرم مدفوعی (0) و کلی‌فرم کل (0) MPN/100ml و باکتری‌های هتروتروف (HPC) 5/2 CFU/ml بود.
نتیجه گیری با توجه نتایج می‌توان گفت که کیفیت بهداشتی دستگاه آب‌شیرین‌کن در ساوه مشکل‌آفرین نیست. غلظت تمام متغیرهای اندازه‌گیری‌شده با استانداردهای ملی مطابق است و وضعیت مطلوبی دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Evaluation of the Physical, Chemical and Microbial Qualities of Desalination Water Provided by the Private Sector in Saveh
نویسنده [English]
- Nafiseh Aghababaei
Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Objectives Based on the significant progress made on the field of membrane technology, the application of this technology has rapidly increased. The current study aimed at assessing the physicochemical and microbial quality of the desalinated water provided by the private sector (Esin) in Saveh, Iran. The results of the current study were compared with the guidelines of Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI).
Methods A finite time service was studied based on a total of 15 samples a day. The period of study was about 7 months from 2014 to 2015. Physical and chemical tests were performed according to the standard methods of water and wastewater. Total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform tests were conducted by multiple tube fermentation method and the total number of heterotrophic bacteria was investigated by the pour plate method.
Results Results showed the values of physical parameters as turbidity 0.10 (nephelometric turbidity units) NTU, chemical parameters as electrical conductivity (μs/cm), total hardness, calcium (CaCO3) hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, potassium, sodium, chloride, and residual chlorine (mg/L), and pH were 476, 103.06,78.89, 9.80, 76.42, 37.28, 2.45, 0.11, 0.10, 8.3, 0.003, 37.71, 0.37, 68.23, 62.19, 0.74, and 7.60, respectively. Values of microbial parameters were total coliform 0, fecal coliform 0, manufacturer part number (MPN)/100 mL, and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) 2.5 CFU/mL.
Conclusion The obtained results indicated that the quality of desalinated water provided from the water desalination plant of Saveh is approved and no health threatening factor was found. The concentration of measured parameters in the study was satisfactory and acceptable, based on IRISI guidelines.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Microbial pollution
- Coliform
- Physical and chemical quality
- Drinking Water
Wachinski AM. Water quality. 3rd ed. New York: American Water Works Association; 2003.
He M, Tian YF, Springer D, Putra IA, Xing GZ, Chia EEM, et al. Polaronic transport and magnetism in Ag-doped ZnO. Applied Physics Letters. 2011; 99(22):222511. doi: 10.1063/1.3665401
Petersen RJ. Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 1993; 83(1):81–150. doi: 10.1016/0376-7388(93)80014-o
DOW Water & Process Solutions. FILMTEC™ reverse osmosis membranes technical manual. Midland: DOW Chemical Co.; 2008.
Gabelich CJ, Williams MD, Rahardianto A, Franklin JC, Cohen Y. High-recovery reverse osmosis desalination using intermediate chemical demineralization. Journal of Membrane Science. 2007; 301(1-2):131–41. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.007
Nicolaisen B. Developments in membrane technology for water treatment. Desalination. 2003; 153(1-3):355–60. doi: 10.1016/s0011-9164(02)01127-x
Jafaripor M, Samili Amrod, M, Zeiaeepor, A, and Davoodi, R. Health, sanitary and economic evaluation of Home-like systems of water treatment (Reverse Osmosis, RO) in Qom city (Persian)]. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 2011; (78): 15-21.
Bahmani M, Aghababaee N, GholBeigi M. Evaluation of the Reverse Osmosis water desalination plant of city of Saveh. Paper presented at: The First National Conference of Iran Membrane; 2011 Feb 15-16; Tehran, Iran.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, recommendation. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Voros N, Maroulis ZB, Marinos-Kouris D. Optimization of reverse osmosis networks for seawater desalination. Computers & Chemical Engineering. 1996; 20:345–50. doi: 10.1016/0098-1354(96)00068-3
Lu Y, Hu Y, XuD, Wu L. Optimum design of reverse osmosis seawater desalination system considering membrane cleaning and replacing. Journal of Membrane Science. 2006; 282(1-2):7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.04.019
Andrews WT, Pergande WF, McTaggart GS. Energy performance enhancements of a 950 m3/d seawater reverse osmosis unit in Grand Cayman. Desalination. 2001; 135(1-3):195–204. doi: 10.1016/s0011-9164(01)00150-3
Shabankareh Fard E, Hayati R, Dobaradaran S. Evaluation of physical, chemical and microbial quality of distribution network drinking water in Bushehr, Iran. Journal of Iranian South Medical Journal. 2015; 17(6):1223-1235.
Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). [Physical and chemical specifications 2347 (Persian)]. 5th revision. Tehran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 1978.
Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. [Standard methods for examination of water & wastewater (Persian)]. 20th ed. Tehran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 2005.
Iranian National Standards Organization. [Detection and enumeration of coliform organisms in water by multiple tube method No. 3759 (Persian)]. Tehran: Iranian National Standards Organization; 2014.
Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. [Physical and chemical specifications 1053 (Persian)]. 5th revision. Tehran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 1997.
Weiner Ruth E, Matthews RA. Environmental engineering. 4th ed. New York: Springer; 2003.
Amiri MC. [Principles of water treatment (Persian)]. 2nd ed. Isfahan: Arkan Publication; 1999.
Helbling DE, VanBriesen JM. Continuous monitoring of residual chlorine concentrations in response to controlled microbial intrusions in a laboratory-scale distribution system. Water Research. 2008; 42(12):3162–72. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.03.009
Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No.72. 2003
Dindarloo K, Alipour V, Farshidfar GhR. [Chemical quality of drinking water in Bandar Abbas (Persian)]. Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 10(1): 57-62.
Tahaikt M, El Habbani R, Ait Haddou A, Achary I, Amor Z, Taky M, et al. Fluoride removal from groundwater by nanofiltration. Desalination. 2007; 212(1-3):46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.10.003
Li YH, Wang S, Zhang X, Wei J, Xu C, Luan Z, et al. Adsorption of fluoride from water by aligned carbon nanotubes. Materials Research Bulletin. 2003; 38(3):469–76. doi: 10.1016/s0025-5408(02)01063-2
Edward E. Water treatment plant design. 4th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2005.
Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F, Nielsen Nathe C. Primary preventive dentistry. 7th ed: New Jersey; 2008.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking- water quality [R. Nabizadeh Nodehi, D. Fa’ezi Razi, Persian trans]. 2nd ed. Tehran: ?; 1996.
Alizadeh, A. [Applied hydrology (Persian)]. Mashhad: Imam Reza University Press; 1999.
Moniruzzaman M, Elahi SF, Jahangir MAA. Study on temporal variation of physico-chemical parameters of buriganga river water through GIS (Geographical Information System) technology. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2010; 44(3). doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4406
Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. [Bacteriological examination of ster supplies hermagesty stationary office 1011.1973 (Persian)]. Tehran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 1973.
Rajaei M S, Salemi Z, Karimi B, Ghanadzadeh MJ, Mashayekhi M. [Effect of household water treatment systems on the physical and chemical quality of water in 2011-2012 (Persian)]. Journal of Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ). 2013;16(72):26-36.
Gwimbi P. The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho). African Health Sciences. 2011; (11):474-80.
Masoodi M, Davoodian AR, Pajoohesh M, Mirchooli F, Mirsoleymani MA, Keyhanpanah M. [Evaluation of microbial pollution of drinking water in north-west Eghlid in 2014 (Persian)]. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 22(2):516-522.
)